Dental Applications of Nanotechnology

Foreword I

Foreword II

Preface

Contents

1 Nano-materials in Regenerative Pulp Treatment

1.1 The Construction of Tooth’s Tissues

1.2 Caries

1.3 Fluoride and Remineralization Process

1.4 Minimally Invasive Dentistry

1.5 Characteristics of Dental Biomaterials

1.6 Nano-materials

1.6.1 Nano-hydroxyapatite (Nano-HPA)

1.6.2 Nano-bioactive glass (Nano-BAG)

1.7 Summary

References

2 Nanobiomaterials and Their Role in Periodontal Rehabilitation

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Brief Introduction of Nanotechnology in Periodontics

2.2 Nanocrystalline Bone Grafts in Bone Regeneration

2.3 Preparation Methods of HA Nanoparticles

2.4 Nanotechnology and Dental Implants

2.5 Nanotechnology in the Management of Peri-implantitis

2.6 Nanomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering

2.7 Conclusion

References

3 Advanced Nanomaterials and Their Functionalization in Clinical Endodontics

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Types of Nanotechnologies

3.1.2 Types of Nanoparticles (NPs)

3.1.3 Properties of Nanoparticles

3.2 Nanotechnology in Medicine

3.3 Nanotechnology and Nanobiomaterials in Dentistry

3.4 Nanotechnology in Endodontics

3.4.1 Radiography

3.4.2 Local Anesthesia

3.4.3 Dentin Hypersensitivity

3.4.4 Cleaning of Endodontic Instruments

3.4.5 Root Canal Disinfection: Nanoparticle-Based Disinfection

3.4.6 Endodontic Filling Materials

3.4.7 Root Canal Disinfection

3.4.8 Functionalization/Conjugation

3.4.9 Dentin Stabilization

3.4.10 Endodontic Filling Materials

3.4.11 Temporization

3.5 Nanobiomaterials in Endodontics

3.5.1 Vital Pulp Therapy

3.5.2 Regenerative Endodontics

3.5.3 Endodontic Surgery

3.6 Conclusion

References

4 Nanocomposites and Their Use in Dentistry

4.1 Introduction

4.2 History of Composite Materials

4.3 Dental Composite Materials

4.3.1 Dental Resin Matrix

4.3.2 Fillers

4.3.3 Coupling Agents

4.3.4 Photo-Initiating Agents

4.4 Nanotechnology in Dentistry

4.4.1 Need of Nanotechnology

4.4.2 Nano in Composite Resins

4.4.3 Current Progress

4.5 Challenges and Future Outlook

References

5 Applications of Nanoparticles in Orthodontics

5.1 Background

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Definitions

5.1.3 Historical Background

5.2 Shapes and Types of Nanoparticles

5.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials

5.2.2 Metal-Based Materials

5.2.3 Dendrimers

5.2.4 Nanocomposites

5.3 Properties of Nanoparticles

5.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles

5.5 Applications of Nanoparticles in Dentistry

5.6 Applications of Nanoparticles in Orthodontics

5.6.1 Application as Antimicrobial Agent

5.6.2 Application as Lubricating Agent to Reduce Friction

5.6.3 Fabrication of Hollow Wires

5.6.4 Fabrication of Orthodontic Brackets

5.6.5 Use of Nanoparticles in Evolving the Cell-Matrix Interface

5.6.6 Nanomaterials as Nanofillers in Orthodontics

5.6.7 Nanoparticles as Enamel Remineralizing Agents

5.6.8 Self-healing Materials

5.6.9 Nanoparticles in Bioimaging

5.7 Mechanism of Action of Various Nanoparticles

5.8 Toxicity

5.9 Conclusion

References

6 Nanomaterials: A Boon to Prosthodontics

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Nanoparticles in Denture Base Resins (Polymethyl Methacrylate)—PMMA

6.2.1 Denture Stomatitis or Candidiasis

6.3 Silver Nanoparticles in Tissue Conditioners

6.4 Nanoparticles in Impression Materials

6.5 Nanoceramics

6.6 Luting Cements and Nanoparticles

6.7 Dental Adhesives

6.8 Silver Nanoparticles in Maxillofacial Prosthesis

6.9 Silver Nanoparticles in Dental Implants

6.10 Conclusion

References

7 Nanomaterials: The Changing Phase of Prosthodontics

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Approaches in Nanotechnology

7.1.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Prosthodontics

7.2 Application of Nanodentistry in Prosthodontics

7.2.1 Nanoparticles in Resin Polymethyl Methacrylate

7.2.2 Nanoceramic Materials

7.2.3 Nanoparticles in Impression Material

7.2.4 Nanoparticles in Maxillofacial Materials

7.2.5 Nanoparticles in Hybrid Resin Luting Cement

7.2.6 Nanometal Material and Dental Implants

7.2.7 Nanoparticles in Tissue Conditioner

7.3 Summary

References

8 Nanostructures in Dentistry: In Diagnosis, Drug Delivery and Oral Cancer Therapy, and their Biocompatibility

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 Nanotechnology

8.1.2 Principle of Nanotechnology

8.1.3 Advantages of Using Nanotechnology in Dentistry

8.1.4 Applications of Nanotechnology in Dentistry

8.2 Nanomedicine

8.2.1 Types of Nanotechnologies in Nanomedicine

8.2.2 Nanosensors

8.2.3 Nanophase Materials

8.2.4 Nanorobots

8.3 Nanotechnology in Dentistry: Approaches to Nanotechnology

8.3.1 Bottom-up Approach (Self-assembly)

8.3.2 Top-Down Approach

8.3.3 The Functional Approach

8.3.4 The Biomimetic Approaches

8.3.5 Speculative

8.4 Therapeutic Nanostructures in Dentistry

8.4.1 Nanomaterials

8.4.2 Classification of Nanomaterials

8.4.3 Nanostructures Used in Dentistry

8.5 Nanodiagnostics: Diagnosis of Oral Cancer and Other Diseases

8.5.1 Advantages of Using Nanodiagnostics

8.5.2 Various Techniques Used in Nanodiagnosis

8.6 Nanoencapsulation and Nanotherapeutics— Nanoparticles as Dental Drug Delivery Systems

8.6.1 Advantages of Nanoparticles as Dental Drug Delivery Systems

8.6.2 Drug Delivery by Liposomes

8.6.3 Nanoencapsulation

8.7 Nanobiomaterials in Oral Cancer Therapy

8.7.1 Nanoshells

8.7.2 Dendrimers

8.7.3 Nanomaterials for Brachytherapy

8.7.4 Gene Therapy

8.8 Challenges Faced by Nanotechnology

8.9 Biocompatibility of Nanaomaterials

8.9.1 Biological Consequences of Nanomaterials

8.9.2 Regulations for Control

8.10 Future Perspective of Nanotechnology in Dentistry

8.11 Conclusion

References

9 Nanotechnology in Orthodontics—Futuristic Approach

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Definition

9.1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials

9.1.3 Approaches Followed in Production of Nanoparticles

9.2 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Archwires

9.2.1 Nanocoatings in Archwires

9.2.2 Shape-Memory esthetic Polymer Wires

9.2.3 Hollow NiTi Wires

9.3 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Adhesives

9.3.1 Reduced Polymerization Shrinkage and Increased Mechanical Properties

9.3.2 Literature Review of Nanocomposites

9.3.3 What Are Nanocomposites?

9.3.4 Advantages of Nanocomposites

9.4 Nanotechnology and Elastomeric Ligatures

9.5 Nanoenamel Remineralization Agents in Orthodontics

9.5.1 Antibacterial Nanoparticles

9.5.2 Review of Nanoenamel Remineralization Agents and Antibacterial Properties

9.6 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Miniscrews

9.6.1 Nanoparticles in Miniscrews to Prevent Infection of Implants

9.6.2 Ideal Mini-Implant Surface Using Nanoparticles

9.7 Nanotechnology for Rapid Tooth Movement in Orthodontics

9.7.1 Terminologies

9.7.2 Application of Bio-MEMS and NEMS

9.8 Nanotechnology for Bone Growth and Prevention of Root Resorption in Orthodontics

9.8.1 NanoLIPUS Devices for Bone Growth

9.8.2 NanoLIPUS Devices to Prevent Root Resorption in Orthodontics

9.9 Nanotechnology and Orthodontic Brackets

9.9.1 Smart Brackets with Nanomechanical Sensors

9.9.2 Nanorobotics Coupled with Smart Brackets—Futuristic Approach

9.10 Probable Risks of Nanotechnology

9.11 Conclusion

References

10 Nanobiomaterials and Their Application in Prosthodontics

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Nanotechnology Definition

10.1.2 Historical Review

10.1.3 Classification of Nanomaterials

10.1.4 Approaches in Nanotechnology

10.2 Need for Nanotechnology in Dentistry

10.3 Applications of Nanotechnology

10.4 Nanobiomaterials in Prosthodontics

10.4.1 Removable Prosthodontics

10.4.2 Tooth-Supported Fixed Prosthodontics

10.4.3 Implant-Supported Fixed Prosthodontics

10.5 Social Implications

10.6 Conclusion

References

11 Nanomaterials for the Management of Periodontal Diseases

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Nanorobotic Dentifrices

11.3 Hypersensitivity Management

11.4 Drug Delivery

11.4.1 Nanoparticles

11.5 Anti-biofilm Approaches

11.5.1 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles

11.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)

11.5.3 Nano-hydroxyapatite-Modified Surfaces

11.5.4 Other Coatings with Anti-adhesion and Antibacterial Properties

11.6 Role of Nano-proresolving Medicines in Management of Periodontal Diseases

11.7 Conclusion

References

12 Oral Biofilms: From Development to Assessment and Treatment

12.1 Introduction

12.1.1 Variables Related to Cell Adhesion and Biofilm Formation

12.1.2 Biofilm Architecture

12.2 Biofilms in the Oral Cavity

12.3 Controlling Biofilms

12.4 In Vitro Biofilm Quantification

12.5 Nanoparticulate Metals as Antimicrobial Agents

12.5.1 Silver

12.5.2 Copper (Cu)

12.5.3 Gold

12.6 Nanoparticulate Metal Oxide

12.6.1 Copper Oxide

12.6.2 Zinc Oxide

12.6.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

12.7 Anti-adhesive Nanoparticles

12.7.1 Chitosan

12.7.2 Silica Nanoparticles

12.8 Surface-Modified Silica Nanoparticles

12.9 Bioglasses and Bioceramics

12.10 Photodynamic Therapy and the Use of Nanoparticles to Control Oral Biofilms

12.11 Biofilm Removal in Dental Unit Water Lines

12.11.1 Nanotechnology for Water Decontamination

12.11.2 Other Techniques

12.11.3 Disadvantages of Using Nanotechnology for Water Treatment

12.12 Conclusion

References

13 Physical Properties and Biocompatibility of Nanostructural Biomaterials Based on Active Calcium Silicate Systems and Hydroxyapatite

13.1 Introduction

13.2 New Nanostructured Biomaterials

13.3 Physical Properties

13.3.1 Solubility

13.3.2 Marginal Microleakage

13.3.3 The Bond Strength to Dentin

13.4 Biocompatibility

13.4.1 Genotoxicity

13.4.2 Cytotoxicity

13.5 Bioinductivity

13.5.1 Direct Pulp Capping in Rabbits

13.5.2 Direct Pulp Capping in Vietnamese Pigs

13.6 Conclusion

References

14 Correction to: Advanced Nanomaterials and Their Functionalization in Clinical Endodontics

Correction to: Chapter 3 in: R. S. Chaughule (ed.), Dental Applications of Nanotechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97634-1_3

Index