Is Corruption Curable?

Contents

Abbreviations

List of Tables

Introduction

Part I Corruption, Extent, Causes and Consequences

1 Definition, Amount, and Coverage

1 Definition

1.1 Public Officials

1.2 Illegality

1.3 Payments and Benefits

2 Amount

3 Coverage

4 Politics

4.1 Bureaucracy

4.2 Justice

4.3 Media

4.4 Education

4.5 Medical

4.6 Water

5 Conclusion

References

2 Measurement Issues

1 Measurement Issues

2 Selected Indicators

2.1 Corruption Perceptions Index

2.2 International Country Risk Guide

2.3 Worldwide Governance Indicators

2.4 World Enterprise Surveys

2.5 Criticisms

2.6 Comparative Analysis of the Indicators

3 Perception Versus Experience

3.1 Reasons for the Divergence

3.2 Evidence of Divergence

4 Persistence of Corruption

4.1 Evidence of Persistence

4.2 Explanations of Persistence: Conceptual Discussion and Empirical Evidence

5 Conclusion

References

3 Causes

1 Conceptual Analysis

1.1 Characteristics of the Country: Geography and History

1.2 Characteristics of Institutions: Democracy, Functioning of Democracy, and Decentralization

1.3 Characteristics of the Society and Citizens: Culture, Values, and Gender

1.4 Characteristics of the Economy: Regulatory Quality, Economic Competition, and Economic Development

1.5 Characteristics of the Corruption System: Systemic Corruption

2 Empirical Evidence

2.1 Characteristics of the Country: Geography and History

2.2 Characteristics of Institutions: Democracy, Functioning of Democracy, and Decentralization

2.3 Characteristics of the Society and Citizens: Culture, Values, and Gender

2.4 Characteristics of the Economy: Regulatory Quality, Economic Competition, and Economic Development

2.5 Characteristics of the Corruption System: Systemic Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

4 Consequences

1 Conceptual Analysis

1.1 Unconditional Economic Effects

1.2 Unconditional Non-economic Effects

1.3 Conditional Effects: “Greasing” Versus “Sanding” the Wheels

2 Evidence: Economic Effects

2.1 Unconditional Effects

2.2 Conditional Effects

3 Evidence: Non-economic Effects

4 Conclusion

References

Part II Anti-corruption Strategies: The Role of the State

5 Democracy

1 Expected Impacts of Democracy on Corruption

2 Actual Impacts of Democracy on Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

6 Electoral Rules

1 Expected Impacts of Electoral Rules on Corruption

2 Actual Impacts of Electoral Rules on Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

7 Decentralization

1 Expected Impacts of Decentralization on Corruption

2 Actual Impacts of Decentralization on Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

8 Regulation

1 Expected Impacts of Regulation on Corruption

2 Actual Impacts of Regulation on Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

9 Justice

1 Expected Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Structural and Procedural Aspects

2 Actual Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Structural and Procedural Aspects

3 Expected Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Sentencing

4 Actual Impacts of Justice on Corruption: Sentencing

5 Conclusion

References

10 Specialized Anti-corruption Agencies

1 Expected Impacts of ACAs on Corruption

2 Actual Impacts of ACAs on Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

11 Incentives and the Corruption Market

1 Expected Impacts on Corruption

1.1 Incentives and Wages

1.2 Public Service Delivery and the Bureaucrat’s Monopoly

1.3 Shifting Service Provision to the Private Sector

2 Actual Impacts on Corruption

2.1 Incentives and Wages

2.2 Public Service Delivery and the Bureaucrat’s Monopoly

2.3 Shifting Service Provision to the Private Sector

3 Conclusion

References

12 International Cooperation

1 Instruments of International Cooperation

1.1 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)

1.2 United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC)

1.3 Other Anti-Corruption Initiatives

2 The Debate on the Costs and Benefits of These Instruments

3 Actual Impacts of International Cooperation

4 Conclusion

References

Part III Anti-corruption Strategies: The Role of Civil Society

13 Civil Society and the Media

1 Expected Impacts of the Media on Corruption

2 Actual Impacts of the Media on Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

14 Civil Society and the Specific Role of ICT

1 Expected Impacts of ICT on Corruption

2 Actual Impacts of ICT on Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

15 Civil Society and the Role of Education

1 Expected Impacts of Education on Corruption

1.1 Social Capital and Corruption

1.2 Education and Social Capital

2 Actual Impacts of Education on Corruption

2.1 Social Capital and Corruption

2.2 Education and Social Capital

2.3 Education and Corruption

3 Conclusion

References

Conclusion

Index