Handbook of Trait Narcissism - Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies

Preface

Contents

Contributors

About the Editors

Part I: Definitional and Theoretical Perspectives on Narcissism

1: Distinguishing Between Grandiose Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Trait-Based Understanding of Narcissism

NPD

Grandiose Narcissism

Vulnerable Narcissism

Similarity of FFM Facet Level Correlations Across the Three Variants

Comparing Grandiose Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, and NPD: A Summary

State-Based Understanding of Narcissism

Narcissism and DSM-5

Future Directions

References

2: The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Spectrum Perspective on Narcissistic Personality

The Narcissism Spectrum Model

Narcissistic Satisfaction Seeking: Grandiosity as Boldness

Narcissistic Frustration and Conflict: Vulnerability as Reactivity

Future Directions

Conclusion

References

3: Perceived Control Theory of Narcissism

Perceived Control Theory of Narcissism

Evidence Supporting the Key Role of Perceived Control

Implications of the Perceived Control Theory of Narcissism

Conclusion

References

4: The Distinctiveness Model of the Narcissistic Subtypes (DMNS): What Binds and Differentiates Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism

Self-esteem Models of Narcissism

The Narcissism Subtypes: Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism

Trait Models of Narcissism

Distinctiveness Model of Narcissism

Regulatory Focus in Narcissists’ Distinctiveness

Evidence for the DMNS

Theoretical and Practical Implications

Summary

References

5: What Separates Narcissism from Self-esteem? A Social-Cognitive Perspective

Conventional Wisdom

A Social-Cognitive Perspective

Beliefs About the Self

Beliefs About Others

Beliefs About Relationships

Research Priorities

Origins

Stability

Malleability

Conclusion

References

6: The Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept

Previous Findings: Grandiose Narcissism as a Heterogeneous Trait with Complex Dynamics and Consequences

The Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept (NARC): Disentangling and Understanding Agentic and Antagonistic Aspects of Grandiose Narcissism

Empirical Evidence for the Validity of the NARC

Future Directions: Toward a More Dynamic and Person-Centered Understanding of Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry

Conclusions

References

7: Communal Narcissism: Theoretical and Empirical Support

Theoretical Support for Communal Narcissism

Empirical Support for Communal Narcissism

Criterion #1: Positive, But Non-perfect, Relation with Agentic/NPI Narcissism

Criterion #2: Communal Self-enhancement

Criterion #3: Grandiose Self-evaluations at the Global Level

Criterion #4: Psychological Adjustment

Criterion #5: Distinctiveness from the Communion Facet of Vulnerable Narcissism

Criterion #6: Distinctiveness from Communal Self-perceptions

Conclusion

References

8: Collective Narcissism: Antecedents and Consequences of Exaggeration of the In-Group Image

Collective Narcissism Vs. Nationalism

Previous Studies: Collective Narcissism, Hypersensitivity to Intergroup Threat and Retaliatory Intergroup Hostility

New Developments: Collective Narcissism and Weaknesses of the Self

Collective Narcissism Vs. In-Group Satisfaction

Future Directions

References

9: The Psychodynamic Mask Model of Narcissism: Where Is It Now?

The Discrepant Self-Esteem Hypothesis

The Unstable Self-Esteem Hypothesis

The Contingent Self-Esteem Hypothesis

Summary and Conclusions

References

10: Distinguishing Between Adaptive and Maladaptive Narcissism

Introduction

Distinction Reflected in the Research Tradition

Distinction Reflected in the Measure of Narcissism

Distinction Reflected in Personality Nomologic Networks

Distinction Reflected in Associations with Intrapersonal Adaptions

Distinction Reflected in Associations with Interpersonal Adaptions

Distinction Reflected in Associations with Problem Behaviors

Distinction Reflected in Developmental Trajectories

Distinction Reflected in Genetic and Environmental Bases

Conclusions, Implications, and Future Directions

References

11: State Narcissism

Recent Advances

Differentiating Trait and State Narcissism

Future Directions

References

Part II: Assessment of Narcissism

12: The Many Measures of Grandiose Narcissism

The Narcissistic Personality Inventory

Measures that Capture GN Exclusively

Grandiose Narcissism and Narcissistic Grandiosity Scales

Single-Item Narcissism Scale

Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire

Measures That Capture GN in Addition to Other Traits

Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory

Comparison of the FFNI, NARQ, GNS, and NPI

The Dirty Dozen Inventory and Short Dark Triad Scale

Special Interest Measures of GN

Recommendations for Measuring GN

Conclusion

References

13: Psychometric Properties of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory

Dimensionality of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory

Reliability and Validity Evidence for the NPI Total Score

Reliability and Validity Evidence for the NPI Subscales

Implications of Response Format for Dimensionality, Reliability, and Validity

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

14: Using Homogenous Scales to Understand Narcissism: Grandiosity, Entitlement, and Exploitativeness

Interpersonal Exploitativeness

Recent Advances

Current Directions

Conclusion

References

Part III: Causes and Development of Narcissism

15: Parents’ Socialization of Narcissism in Children

Childhood Narcissism

Origins of Narcissism

Going Forward

Coda

References

16: The Etiology of Narcissism: A Review of Behavioral Genetic Studies

Introduction

The Methodology of Behavioral Genetics

The Etiology of NPD

The Etiology of Narcissism in the Normal Population

The Etiology of the Stability of Narcissism

The Etiology of the Relationship Between Narcissism and Other Personality Traits

The Etiology of the Relationship Between Narcissism and Behavior Tendencies

Summary, Implications, and Future Directions

References

17: Narcissism and the Economic Environment

Future Research

References

18: Narcissism as a Life Span Construct: Describing Fluctuations Using New Approaches

Longitudinal Studies of Narcissism

Narcissism Development from an Invest-and-Accrue Approach

Narcissism Development from a Sociogenomic Trait Perspective

Future Directions

References

19: Did Narcissism Evolve?

Purpose Statement

Evidence Needed to Support an Evolutionary Theory of Narcissism

Heritability and Genes Associated with Narcissism

A Mating Pathway by Which Narcissism Could Have Evolved

Evaluation of the Theory that Narcissism Evolved

Future Directions

Summary and Conclusions

References

20: Generational Differences in Narcissism and Narcissistic Traits

Generational Differences in Narcissism

Rising Individualism or “Generation Me”

Developmental Me vs. Generational Me

Generation We vs. Generation Me

Implications

Summary

References

Part IV: Intrapersonal Processes and Narcissism

21: Narcissism and Dark Personality Traits

Narcissism and Its Dark Triad Correlates

Dark Triad Measures

Separate Measures of the Dark Triad

Joint Measures of the Dark Triad

Non-Dark Triad Correlates

Sadism

Spite

Greed

Interim Summary

Current Research

Future Directions

Expanding Assessment and Validity

Narcissism: A Leviathan Caught in Dark Personality’s Nomological Net?

References

22: Narcissism and the Big Five/HEXACO Models of Personality

Narcissism and the Big Five/HEXACO Models of Personality

Conceptualizations of Narcissism

Conceptualizations of Personality

Narcissism and the FFM (NEO-PI-R)

Narcissism and the Big Five (BFI)

Narcissism and HEXACO (HEXACO-PI-R)

What Do Personality Underpinnings Tell Us?

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

23: Physiological Reactivity and Neural Correlates of Trait Narcissism

Physiological Reactivity in Trait Narcissism

Functional and Structural Brain Differences

Future Directions

References

24: Narcissism and Memory

Memory for Evaluative Feedback and Positive Expectations

Memory Enhancement for the Positive-Agentic Self

Distortion, Diminishment, or Enhancement of Negative Self-Relevant Information

Early Information Processing: Attention Biases

Conclusions and Additional Future Directions

References

25: Narcissism and Involvement in Risk-Taking Behaviors

Narcissism and Risk-Taking Behaviors

Why Do Narcissists Take Risks?

Narcissism and Risky Decision-Making

Future Directions

References

26: How Do Narcissists Really Feel About Themselves? The Complex Connections Between Narcissism and Self-Esteem

Connections Between Narcissism and Self-Esteem: Content of Self-Views

Conceptualizations of Self-Esteem and Narcissism

Implicit Self-Esteem and the Psychodynamic Mask Model of Narcissism

Self-Esteem Instability and Reactivity to Daily Events

Conceptualization of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Instability

Potential Evolutionary Origins of Narcissism and Self-Esteem

Conclusion

References

27: How Does It Feel to Be a Narcissist? Narcissism and Emotions

General Emotionality and Subjective Well-Being

Pride and Shame

Envy and Anger

Emotion Regulation

Future Directions

References

28: Understanding the Narcissistic Need for Perfection: The Most Dazzling, Perfect, and Comprehensive Review Ever

Introduction

Defining Perfectionism

Defining Narcissism

Understanding the Narcissism-Perfectionism Link

Narcissistic Perfectionism

Armand Hammer’s Narcissistic Perfectionism

Outstanding Questions and Future Directions

Concluding Remarks

References

29: What Do Narcissists Know About Themselves? Exploring the Bright Spots and Blind Spots of Narcissists’ Self-Knowledge

What Is Narcissism?

What Do Narcissists Know About Themselves?

Are Narcissists’ Self-Perceptions Accurate?

Do Narcissists Know How Other People Perceive Them?

Barriers to Self-Knowledge

Summary and Implications

References

30: Narcissists’ Perceptions of Narcissistic Behavior

Narcissists’ Awareness of Their Narcissism, Attitudes Toward Narcissistic Traits, and Perceived Control over and Utility of Narcissistic Action

Do Narcissists Identify a Silver Lining in Others’ Narcissism?

Future Research

Conclusion

References

31: Narcissistic Consumption

Consumer Goods: Luxury Versus Mundane

Do Narcissists Prefer Luxury Products over Mundane Products?

Why Would Narcissists Prefer Luxury Products?

Positive Distinctiveness

Materialism

Meaning

Sexual Signaling

Lingering Issues

In Conclusion

References

32: The Narcissistic Pursuit of Status

Status and Affiliation

The Desire for Status

The Pursuit of Status

Conclusion

References

Part V: Interpersonal Processes and Narcissism

33: Early Impressions of Grandiose Narcissists: A Dual-Pathway Perspective

Previous Findings: A Mixed Blessing

Making Sense of the Impressions Narcissists Make: A Dual-Pathway Model

Two Behavioral Pathways to Popularity: Distinct Behavioral Expression, Impression Formation, and Evaluation Processes

Effects of the Social Context

Acquaintance Effects

Effects of Dimensions of Grandiose Narcissism

Future Directions: Further Applications of the Dual-Pathway Model Across Samples, Contexts, and Designs

References

34: Narcissism and Romantic Relationships

Introduction

The (More or Less) Positive Side of Narcissism and Romantic Relationships

The Negative Side of Narcissism and Romantic Relationships

Recommendations for Research on Narcissism and Romantic Relationships

References

35: Narcissistic Qualities and Infidelity

Narcissism

The Importance of Domain-Specific Measurements of Personality: Sexual Narcissism

Moving Forward

Conclusion

References

36: Understanding and Mitigating Narcissists’ Low Empathy

Narcissism and Empathy

Consequences of Narcissists’ Low Empathy

Narcissists Can Be Empathic

Potential for Intervention

What’s Next?

Coda

References

37: Narcissism and Friendships

Current State of Research

Friendship Formation

Friendship Maintenance

Friendship Dissolution

Who Is Willing to Be Friends with Narcissists?

A Framework for Future Research

Dynamic Phases of Friendships with Narcissists

Summary and Outlook

References

38: New Directions in Narcissistic Aggression: The Role of the Self-concept on Group-Based Aggression

Individual Differences in Aggression: Interpersonal Consequences

Group-Based Conflict, Is Narcissism Relevant?

Summary and Conclusions

References

39: Narcissism’s Relationship with Envy: It’s Complicated

Envy: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Research

Envy and Narcissism

Conclusions and Future Research on Narcissism and Envy

Summary of Key Developments in Narcissism and Envy Research

References

40: Narcissism and Prosocial Behavior

Summary of Key Advancements: What Do We Know?

Formal Prosocial Behaviors

Volunteering for Nonprofit Organizations

Charitable Donations

Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

Discrepancies Between Self-Reported and Observer-Reported Prosocial Behavior

Informal Prosocial Behaviors

Situational Factors Affect the Link Between Narcissism and Prosocial Behavior

Different Types of Narcissism

Communal Narcissism

Vulnerable/Covert Narcissism

Summary

Future Directions

References

41: Grandiose Narcissism and Religiosity

Narcissism and Religious Identity, Motivation, and Orientation

Narcissism and Religious Practices

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

42: Narcissism and Spirituality: Intersections of Self, Superiority, and the Search for the Sacred

Religious and Spiritual Struggle

Narcissism, Entitlement, and Religious/Spiritual Struggles

Domain-Specific Manifestations of Narcissism and Entitlement

Summary and Implications

Conclusion

References

43: Narcissism and Leadership: A Perfect Match?

Leader Emergence

Leadership Effectiveness

Future Directions

Concluding Thoughts

References

44: Narcissistic Followership

Future Research Directions

Conclusion

References

45: Trait Narcissism and Social Networks

Overview of Social Network Analysis

Narcissism in Sociocentric Networks

Narcissism in Egocentric Networks

Narcissism in Online Social Networks

Conclusions

References

Part VI: Applied Issues in Narcissism Research

46: Momentarily Quieting the Ego: Short-Term Strategies for Reducing Grandiose Narcissism

Key Advances

Future Directions

Additional Considerations

Conclusion

References

47: Social Media: Platform or Catalyst for Narcissism?

Social Media as Opportunity: Narcissistic Grandiosity and Exhibitionism

Social Media as Catalyst to Higher Narcissism

Future Directions

References

48: Theoretical Perspectives on Narcissism and Social Media: The Big (and Beautiful) Picture

History and Findings

Research Headwaters

Overview of Social Media Findings

Current Models of Narcissism and Social Media

Expanded Trait Model

Narcissistic Lens Model

Social Media as Self-Regulation Model

Social Network Models

Cultural Models: Narcissism Epidemic and Great Fantasy Migration

Limitations and Future Directions

Final Thoughts

References

49: Narcissism and Bullying

Narcissism and School Bullying: Direct Associations

Narcissism in Relation to Victimization and Bully-Victim Groups

Associations with Different Forms of Bullying

Self-Esteem and Narcissism in Relation to Bullying and Victimization

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

50: Interpersonal Functioning of Narcissistic Individuals and Implications for Treatment Engagement

Recent Developments Regarding Interpersonal Aspects of Narcissism

Reasons That Narcissistic Individuals Engage in Treatment Often Involve Interpersonal Factors

Models of Treatment Engagement and Interpersonal Factors

Review of Findings Related to Narcissism and Therapy Engagement

Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism

Interpersonal Dysfunction May Help to Explain Why Narcissism Is Related to Low Engagement

Limitations in the Current Literature and Future Directions

References

51: The Treatment of Trait and Narcissistic Personality Disturbances

Review of Past Literature

Review of Current Literature

Specific Approaches to Treatment and Psychotherapy of Personality Dysfunction

Treating Personality and Personality Disorders Using and Integrated and Unified Framework

Couples Therapy for Narcissistic Personality Dysfunction

Family Therapy for Narcissistic Personality Dysfunction

The Bi-directionality Between Individual Personality and Family System

Principles of Treatment

Future Directions

References

Index