Abbreviations

A&E

Accident and emergency unit

A‐a

Alveolar‐arterial gradient

ABG

Arterial blood gas

ACEi

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

ACPA

Anti‐citrullinated protein antigen

ACR

Albumin‐creatinine ratio

ACS

Acute coronary syndrome

ACTH

Adreno‐corticotropin hormone

ADH

Anti‐diuretic hormone

ADL

Activities of daily living

AF

Atrial fibrillation

AG

Anion gap

AIN

Acute interstitial nephritis

AKI

Acute kidney injury

ALP

Alkaline phosphatase

ALS

Advanced life support

ALT

Alanine transferase

AMT

Abbreviated mental test

ANA

Antinuclear antibody

ANCA

Anti‐nuclear cytoplasmic antibody

APKD

Adult onset polycystic kidney disease

APTT

Anti‐prothrombin clotting time

ARB

Angiotensin receptor blocker

ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARR

Absolute risk reduction

ATN

Acute tubular necrosis

AV

Atrioventricular

AVM

Arteriovenous malformation

AXR

Abdominal X‐ray

BE

Base excess

BMI

Body mass index

BMs

Blood sugars

BP

Blood pressure

BPH

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

bpm

Beats per minute

BTS

British Thoracic Society

CABG

Coronary artery bypass graft

CAM

Confusion assessment method

CAP

Community acquired pneumonia

CCF

Congestive cardiac failure

CDT

Clock drawing test

CGA

Comprehensive geriatric assessment

CK

Creatinine kinase

CKD

Chronic kidney disease

CMV

Cytomegalovirus

CNS

Central nervous system

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CRP

c‐reactive protein

CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid

CT

Computerised tomography

CTD

Connective tissue disease

CTPA

Computerised tomography pulmonary angiogram

CVA

Cerebrovascular accident

CVS

Cardiovascular system

CXR

Chest x‐ray

DI

Diabetes insipidus

DIP

Distal interphalangeal joint

DKA

Diabetic ketoacidosis

DM

Diabetes mellitus

DNAR

Do not attempt resuscitation

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis

EBM

Evidence based medicine

EBV

Epstein Barr virus

ECF

Extracellular fluid

ECG

Electrocardiogram

EF

Ejection fraction

eGFR

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

EMG

Electromyogram

ESR

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ESRD

End‐stage renal disease

ET

Exercise tolerance

GBS

Guillain Barre syndrome

GCA

Giant cell arteritis

GCS

Glasgow coma scale

GERD

Gastro‐esophageal reflux

GGT

Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase

GIB

Gastrointestinal bleed

GI

Gastrointestinal

GN

Glomerulonephritis

GORD

Gastro‐oesophageal reflux

GP

General practitioner

GTCS

Generalised tonic clonic seizures

GTN

Nitroglycerine

H/O

History of

HAP

Hospital acquired pneumonia

Hb

Haemoglobin

HBV

Hepatitis B

HCM

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

HHS

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

HPA

Hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal axis

HPOA

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

HR

Heart rate

HRCT

High resolution computerised tomography

HSV

Herpes simplex virus

HT

Hypertension

IBD

Inflammatory bowel disease

IBS

Irritable bowel syndrome

ICD

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator

ICH

Intracranial haemorrhage

ICP

Intracranial pressure

ICS

Intercostal space

IGRA

Interferon gamma release assay

IHD

Ischaemic heart disease

IIH

Intracranial hypertension

ILD

Interstitial lung disease

INR

International normalised ratio

IPF

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

ITU

Intensive care unit

IV

Intravenous

JVP

Jugular venous pressure

LBBB

Left bundle branch block

LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase

LFT

Liver function test

LGIB

Lower gastrointestinal bleed

LHF

Left heart failure

LIF

Left iliac fossa

LMN

Lower motor neurone

LMWH

Low molecular weight heparin

LP

Lumbar puncture

LR

Likelihood ratio

LV

Left ventricle

LVF

Left ventricular failure

LVH

Left ventricular hypertrophy

MAP

Mean arterial pressure

MC&S

Microscopy, culture and sensitivity

MCI

Mild cognitive impairement

MCV

Mean corpuscular volume

MI

Myocardial infarction

MMSE

Mini mental state examination

MODS

Multi‐organ dysfunction syndrome

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

MRA

Magnetic resonance angiogram

NASH

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis

NCS

Nerve conduction studies

NIV

Non‐invasive ventillation

NMJ

Neuromuscular junction

NNT

Number needed to treat

NOAC

Newer oral anticoagulants

NPH

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

NSAIDs

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs

NSTEMI

Non‐ST elevation MI

O/E

On examination

OA

Osteoarthritis

OCP

Oral contraceptive pill

OGD

Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy

OSCE

Objective structured clinical examination

PA

Per abdomen

P‐A

Postero‐anterior

PCKD

Polycystic kidney disease

PCP

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

PE

Pulmonary embolism

PESI

Pulmonary embolism severity index

PFT

Pulmonary function test

PMH

Previous medical history

PMN

Polymorphonuclear cell count

PMR

Polymyalgia rheumatica

PND

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

PNS

Peripheral nervous system

PPI

Proton pump inhibitor

PPM

Permanent pacemaker

PR

Per rectal

prn

As required

PSC

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

PT

Prothrombin time

PTH

Parathyroid hormone

PUD

Peptic ulcer disease

PVD

Peripheral vascular disease

py

Pack year

RAAS

Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system

RF

Rheumatoid factor

RHF

Right heart failure

RR

Respiratory rate

RS

Respiratory system

RVH

Right ventricular hypertrophy

SAAG

Serum ascities albumin gradient

SAH

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

SARD

Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease

sats

Oxygen saturations

SDH

Subdural haemorrhage

SHO

Senior house officer

SIADH

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

SIRS

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosis

SOB

Shortness of breath

SOBOE

Shortness of breath on exertion

SOL

Space occupying lesion

SpA

Spondylarthropathy

SBP

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

SQs

Semantic qualifiers

STEMI

ST elevation MI

SVCO

Superior vena cava obstruction

TB

Tuberculosis

TFTs

Thyroid function tests

TIA

Transient ischaemic attack

TLOC

Transient loss of consciousness

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone

U&E

Urea and electrolytes

UACS

Upper airway cough syndrome

UGIB

Upper gastrointestinal bleed

UMN

Upper motor neurone

UOP

Urinary output

URTI

Upper respiratory tract infection

USG

Ultrasonography

UTI

Urinary tract...