A Holistic Approach to Ship Design - Volume 1: Optimisation of Ship Design and Operation for Life Cycle

Preface

Contents

Editor and Contributors

Abbreviations

1 Introduction to the HOLISHIP Project

1.1 Historical Review

1.2 The HOLISHIP Project

References

2 Holistic Ship Design Optimisation

2.1 Introduction to Holistic Ship Design Optimisation

2.2 The Evolution of the Holistic Approach to Ship Design

2.3 The Generic Ship Design Optimisation Problem

2.4 Optimisation of Tanker Design

2.4.1 Multi-objective AFRAMAX Tanker Design

2.4.2 The Design Approach

2.4.3 Tank Arrangement

2.4.4 Structural Model

2.4.5 Analyses and Simulations

2.5 Discussion of Results

2.5.1 Exploration

2.5.2 Refinements

2.5.3 Sensitivities

2.5.4 The RFR-OOI Sensitivity Study

2.6 Conclusions

References

3 On the History of Ship Design for the Life Cycle

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Ship Design Decision Models

3.2.1 Ship Design as Optimization

3.2.2 The Stagewise Structure of the Ship Design Process

3.2.3 The Generic Ship Design Model

3.3 Specific Cases of Ship Design Optimization Studies

3.3.1 Generations of Ship Design Models

3.3.2 Synthesis Models

3.3.3 Multiobjective Models

3.3.4 Holistic Design Models

3.3.5 Risk-Based Design Models

3.4 Conclusions

References

4 Market Conditions, Mission Requirements and Operational Profiles

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 RoPAX

4.1.2 Double-Ended Ferry

4.1.3 Offshore Support Vessel

4.2 Market Analysis of the RoPAX Vessel Segment

4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2 The RoPAX Vessel Segment

4.2.3 The Double-Ended Ferries Market Segment

4.2.4 Conclusions for the Future Development in the RoPAX Vessel Segment (Including DE Ferries)

4.3 Mission Requirement

4.3.1 Transport Task

4.3.2 Defining the Vessel

4.4 Initial Sizing

4.4.1 Definition of Concept Design

4.4.2 Regression Analysis

4.4.3 Other Stakeholders and Their Impact

4.5 Operational Profiles

4.5.1 Other Stakeholders and Their Impact

4.5.2 Operational Profiling Tool—Input

4.5.3 Operational Profiling Tool—Simulation

4.5.4 Operational Profiling Tool—Results: RoPAX Application Case

4.5.5 Operational Profiling Tool—Results: DE Ferry Application Case

4.5.6 Operational Profiling Tool—Results: OSV Application Case

4.5.7 Operational Profiling Tool—Discussion

4.6 Designing a Ship Concept for a Given Task by the Use of the Intelligent GA

4.6.1 Design Tool Requirements

4.6.2 3D General Arrangement in Concept Phase of Design

4.6.3 Intelligent GA Tool

4.6.4 Internal Modules

4.6.5 Linked Modules

4.6.6 Optimisation Platform Integration

References

5 Systemic Approach to Ship Design

5.1 Ship Design Driven by Operational Scenarios

5.1.1 Operational Scenarios as a Complement to Technical Requirements

5.1.2 Technical Requirements

5.1.3 Inferring Operational Scenarios from Requirements

5.2 Modelling the System Architecture of the Ship

5.2.1 A Multi-level Architecture Model

5.2.2 Architecture Analysis—Circuits and Networks, Functional Chains

5.2.3 System Architecture as the Basis for Performance and RAM Analysis

5.3 Managing the Design Process with “Communities of Interest”

5.3.1 Ship Design: A Collaborative Design Process

5.3.2 Collaborative Software Architectures

5.3.3 Architecture of the SAR Tool

5.3.4 A Human-Centred Design Process

References

6 Hydrodynamic Tools in Ship Design

6.1 Hydrodynamic Challenges in Ship Design

6.1.1 Ship Resistance

6.1.2 Propulsion

6.1.3 Seakeeping

6.1.4 Manoeuvring

6.2 Different Types of Hydrodynamic Tools

6.2.1 Fundamental Considerations

6.2.2 Empirical Tools

6.2.3 Potential Flow Codes

6.2.4 Viscous Flow Codes

6.3 Simulation-Based Design Optimisation and Adaptive Multi-fidelity Metamodelling

6.3.1 Local Hybridisation of Deterministic Derivative-Free Global Algorithms

6.3.2 Adaptive Multi-fidelity Metamodelling

6.4 The HOLISHIP Integration Concept (for CFD Codes): Hydrodynamic Optimisation of a RoPAX Ferry

6.4.1 Hydrodynamics

6.4.2 Hullform

6.4.3 Organising Computations

6.4.4 Results

6.4.5 Discussion

6.5 Conclusions

References

7 Parametric Optimisation in Concept and Pre-contract Ship Design Stage

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Parametric Concept Design Optimisation

7.2.1 Optimisation Approach

7.2.2 Formulation of Early Concept Design Problem

7.2.3 Adaptation of Tools

7.2.4 Application Example

7.3 Parametric Ship Design and Optimisation in the Pre-contract Stage

7.3.1 Parametric Modelling of Hull Form and Watertight Subdivision

7.3.2 Assessment Tools

7.3.3 Surrogate Models

7.3.4 Formulation of a Sample Optimisation Problem

7.3.5 Results and Discussion

References

8 CAESES—The HOLISHIP Platform for Process Integration and Design Optimization

8.1 Introduction and Motivation

8.2 Process Integration and Design Optimization

8.2.1 Overview

8.2.2 Background

8.2.3 Overview of Intrinsic CAESES Functionality

8.2.4 Integration Approach Taken in HOLISHIP on the Basis of CAESES

8.2.5 Encapsulating Tools

8.3 Variable Geometry

8.3.1 Geometric Modeling

8.3.2 A RoPAX Ferry as an Example of Fully Parametric Modeling

8.3.3 An OSV as an Example of Partially Parametric Modeling

8.4 Data Management

8.4.1 Hierarchical Models

8.4.2 Parameters Versus Free Variables

8.4.3 Bottom-Up Approach for Integration

8.4.4 Conversion and Enrichment of Data

8.5 Software Connection

8.5.1 Software Connector

8.5.2 Integration of a Single Tool

8.5.3 Integration of Several Tools

8.5.4 Connection with Other Frameworks

8.6 Optimization

8.6.1 Overview

8.6.2 Exploration

8.6.3 Exploitation

8.6.4 Assessments

8.7 Direct Simulation Versus Surrogate Models

8.7.1 Idea of Surrogate Modeling

8.7.2 Typical Surrogate Models

8.7.3 Using Surrogate Models

8.8 Scenarios of Application

8.8.1 Manual Versus Automated Design

8.8.2 Offers via WebApps

8.9 Outlook

8.9.1 Meta-Projects

8.9.2 Community of Providers, Consultants and Users

8.10 Conclusions

References

9 Structural Design Optimization—Tools and Methodologies

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Trends in Optimization Methodologies

9.3 Optimization Tools

9.4 Quality Assessment of the Pareto Solutions

9.5 LBR-5: A Least Cost Structural Optimization Method

9.6 BESST Project

9.6.1 Motivation

9.6.2 Model for Study

9.6.3 Optimization Workflow Description

9.6.4 Results and Discussion

9.7 HOLISHIP Project

9.7.1 Presentation

9.7.2 Methodology

9.7.3 Concept Design Phase

9.7.4 Contract Design Phase

9.8 Efficient Tools for Ship and Offshore Structure Optimization in Collision Scenarios

9.8.1 Summary

9.8.2 Response Surface Method (RSM)

9.8.3 Analytical Method

9.8.4 Future Scope for Optimization Tools

9.9 Conclusions

References

10 Design for Modularity

10.1 Introduction to Design for Modularity

10.2 Defining and Delimiting Modularity

10.2.1 A Modular or an Integral Product Architecture?

10.2.2 Related Concepts

10.2.3 Modularity Types

10.3 Modularity in the Design Phase

10.3.1 Supporting a Product Platform Strategy

10.3.2 Design Process Efficiency by Configuration-Based Design Based on Modularity

10.3.3 Modularity Supporting Design Exploration and Innovation

10.3.4 Modularity in Ship Design—Summarized

10.4 Modularization in Ship Production

10.4.1 Effects on the Ship Production Value Chain

10.4.2 Early Outfitting

10.5 Modularity in Operation

10.5.1 Modularity for Flexibility in Operation

10.5.2 Modularity for Easy Retrofit and Modernization

10.5.3 Design Methods for Modular Adaptation in Operation

10.6 Conclusions

References

11 Application of Reliability, Availability and Maintenance Principles and Tools for Ship Design

11.1 Description of RAM Objectives and Methodology

11.1.1 RAM Objectives

11.1.2 RAM Methodology

11.2 RAM Applications

11.2.1 Aircraft Industry

11.2.2 Railway Industry

11.2.3 Oil and Gas/Offshore Industry

11.2.4 Defence Industry

11.2.5 Energy Industry

11.2.6 Process Industry

11.3 Motivation for RAM Analysis in Ship Design

11.3.1 Current Situation and Trends

11.3.2 Expected Benefit of RAM at Early Ship Design Stage

11.3.3 Main Target Ship Types for RAM Analyses

11.4 Specificities of Ship Design from RAM Analysis Point of View

11.5 Main Ship Systems for RAM Analysis

11.6 RAM Study

11.6.1 RAM Study Process

11.6.2 Criticality Analysis

11.6.3 Reliability Data Collection

11.6.4 RAM Assumptions

11.6.5 RAM Modelling, Simulation and Calculation

11.6.6 Results Generation

11.7 RAM Modelling

11.7.1 Boolean Formalisms

11.7.2 States/Transitions Formalisms

11.7.3 Model-Based Models

11.7.4 Most Suitable Modelling for Ship Design

11.8 Main Required Functionalities of RAM Tools

11.8.1 Step-by-Step Analysis for Verification

11.8.2 Type of Calculation

11.8.3 Results

11.8.4 Sensitivities

11.8.5 Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) Calculations

11.9 Reliability Data for RAM Analysis

11.10 Conclusions

References

12 Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) Tools

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Methodologies for the Assessment

12.2.1 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

12.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

12.2.3 LCC and LCA in the Shipping Sector

12.2.4 Cost Estimation Methods and Adoption of KPIs

12.3 End-of-Life Phase

12.3.1 Alternatives for End-of-Life Phase

12.3.2 KPI Inputs for End-of-Life Assessment

12.3.3 Data Required for End-of-Life Assessment

12.3.4 Energy-Economic Evaluation of End-of-Life Procedures

12.3.5 International Regulation

12.4 A Selection of KPIs for an Holistic Approach

12.5 A Methodology for an Holistic Approach

12.6 LCPA and KPIs Calculation

12.7 Consideration of Uncertainties

12.8 Conclusions and Comments on Application Cases

References

13 Modelling and Optimization of Machinery and Power System

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Definition/Composition of Machinery and Power System

13.3 Holistic Approach to Power System Modelling

13.4 Optimization and Verification of Power System Concept Design

13.5 Application Example

13.6 Conclusions

References

14 Advanced Ship Machinery Modeling and Simulation

14.1 Marine Energy Systems: Need for an Integrated Approach

14.2 Process Modeling and Simulation

14.2.1 Types of Problems and Application Areas

14.2.2 Generic Problem Description/Workflow

14.3 Mathematical Formulation of the Process Modeling Framework

14.3.1 Conservation Equations and Physical Phenomena

14.3.2 Connectivity Equations

14.3.3 Thermophysical Properties

14.4 Individual Component Models and Processes Library

14.4.1 Model Libraries

14.4.2 Primary Energy Converters

14.4.3 Secondary Energy Converters

14.4.4 Flow Transport Equipment

14.4.5 Heat Exchange and Phase Separation

14.4.6 Electrical System Components

14.4.7 Control and Automation

14.4.8 Power Flow

14.4.9 Mass Separation and (Bio) Chemical Reactors

14.5 Integration with Other Software Platforms

14.5.1 Objective

14.5.2 Building a Model with Exchange and Co-simulation Capabilities

14.6 Illustrative Applications

14.6.1 Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems

14.6.2 Desulfurization Scrubbers

14.6.3 LNG Carrier Newbuilding Configuration Alternatives

14.6.4 COSSMOS Use Under an Integration Platform for the HOLISHIP Project

14.7 Conclusions

References

15 HOLISPEC/RCE: Virtual Vessel Simulations

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Why Do We Need Coupled Simulations?

15.3 Simulations in Concept Design

15.3.1 Introduction

15.3.2 Data Representation and Exchange

15.4 Simulation in Design Verification

15.5 Available Tools and Frameworks

15.5.1 RCE and CPACS

15.5.2 Holispec

15.6 Applications and Case Studies

15.6.1 Concept Testing

15.6.2 Virtual Sea Trials

15.6.3 Coupled Simulations

15.6.4 Simulations in Concept Design: A Case Study

15.7 Conclusions and Way Ahead

References

Terminology of Some Used Important Notions