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A Holistic Approach to Ship Design - Volume 1: Optimisation of Ship Design and Operation for Life Cycle
Apostolos Papanikolaou
Verlag Springer-Verlag, 2018
ISBN 9783030028107 , 501 Seiten
Format PDF, OL
Kopierschutz Wasserzeichen
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A Holistic Approach to Ship Design - Volume 1: Optimisation of Ship Design and Operation for Life Cycle
Preface
5
Contents
9
Editor and Contributors
11
Abbreviations
15
1 Introduction to the HOLISHIP Project
21
1.1 Historical Review
21
1.2 The HOLISHIP Project
24
References
27
2 Holistic Ship Design Optimisation
29
2.1 Introduction to Holistic Ship Design Optimisation
30
2.2 The Evolution of the Holistic Approach to Ship Design
33
2.3 The Generic Ship Design Optimisation Problem
35
2.4 Optimisation of Tanker Design
37
2.4.1 Multi-objective AFRAMAX Tanker Design
38
2.4.2 The Design Approach
41
2.4.3 Tank Arrangement
43
2.4.4 Structural Model
44
2.4.5 Analyses and Simulations
46
2.5 Discussion of Results
49
2.5.1 Exploration
49
2.5.2 Refinements
51
2.5.3 Sensitivities
52
2.5.4 The RFR-OOI Sensitivity Study
54
2.6 Conclusions
55
References
56
3 On the History of Ship Design for the Life Cycle
63
3.1 Introduction
64
3.2 Ship Design Decision Models
65
3.2.1 Ship Design as Optimization
65
3.2.2 The Stagewise Structure of the Ship Design Process
65
3.2.3 The Generic Ship Design Model
67
3.3 Specific Cases of Ship Design Optimization Studies
68
3.3.1 Generations of Ship Design Models
68
3.3.2 Synthesis Models
70
3.3.3 Multiobjective Models
72
3.3.4 Holistic Design Models
78
3.3.5 Risk-Based Design Models
85
3.4 Conclusions
89
References
91
4 Market Conditions, Mission Requirements and Operational Profiles
94
4.1 Introduction
95
4.1.1 RoPAX
96
4.1.2 Double-Ended Ferry
97
4.1.3 Offshore Support Vessel
98
4.2 Market Analysis of the RoPAX Vessel Segment
99
4.2.1 Introduction
99
4.2.2 The RoPAX Vessel Segment
100
4.2.3 The Double-Ended Ferries Market Segment
103
4.2.4 Conclusions for the Future Development in the RoPAX Vessel Segment (Including DE Ferries)
104
4.3 Mission Requirement
106
4.3.1 Transport Task
106
4.3.2 Defining the Vessel
107
4.4 Initial Sizing
107
4.4.1 Definition of Concept Design
108
4.4.2 Regression Analysis
108
4.4.3 Other Stakeholders and Their Impact
110
4.5 Operational Profiles
111
4.5.1 Other Stakeholders and Their Impact
111
4.5.2 Operational Profiling Tool—Input
112
4.5.3 Operational Profiling Tool—Simulation
113
4.5.4 Operational Profiling Tool—Results: RoPAX Application Case
115
4.5.5 Operational Profiling Tool—Results: DE Ferry Application Case
117
4.5.6 Operational Profiling Tool—Results: OSV Application Case
122
4.5.7 Operational Profiling Tool—Discussion
130
4.6 Designing a Ship Concept for a Given Task by the Use of the Intelligent GA
130
4.6.1 Design Tool Requirements
131
4.6.2 3D General Arrangement in Concept Phase of Design
132
4.6.3 Intelligent GA Tool
133
4.6.4 Internal Modules
135
4.6.5 Linked Modules
137
4.6.6 Optimisation Platform Integration
138
References
139
5 Systemic Approach to Ship Design
141
5.1 Ship Design Driven by Operational Scenarios
142
5.1.1 Operational Scenarios as a Complement to Technical Requirements
142
5.1.2 Technical Requirements
142
5.1.3 Inferring Operational Scenarios from Requirements
144
5.2 Modelling the System Architecture of the Ship
145
5.2.1 A Multi-level Architecture Model
145
5.2.2 Architecture Analysis—Circuits and Networks, Functional Chains
147
5.2.3 System Architecture as the Basis for Performance and RAM Analysis
148
5.3 Managing the Design Process with “Communities of Interest”
149
5.3.1 Ship Design: A Collaborative Design Process
149
5.3.2 Collaborative Software Architectures
151
5.3.3 Architecture of the SAR Tool
152
5.3.4 A Human-Centred Design Process
153
References
155
6 Hydrodynamic Tools in Ship Design
157
6.1 Hydrodynamic Challenges in Ship Design
158
6.1.1 Ship Resistance
159
6.1.2 Propulsion
166
6.1.3 Seakeeping
168
6.1.4 Manoeuvring
169
6.2 Different Types of Hydrodynamic Tools
171
6.2.1 Fundamental Considerations
172
6.2.2 Empirical Tools
174
6.2.3 Potential Flow Codes
175
6.2.4 Viscous Flow Codes
185
6.3 Simulation-Based Design Optimisation and Adaptive Multi-fidelity Metamodelling
196
6.3.1 Local Hybridisation of Deterministic Derivative-Free Global Algorithms
197
6.3.2 Adaptive Multi-fidelity Metamodelling
202
6.4 The HOLISHIP Integration Concept (for CFD Codes): Hydrodynamic Optimisation of a RoPAX Ferry
209
6.4.1 Hydrodynamics
210
6.4.2 Hullform
211
6.4.3 Organising Computations
212
6.4.4 Results
213
6.4.5 Discussion
218
6.5 Conclusions
219
References
221
7 Parametric Optimisation in Concept and Pre-contract Ship Design Stage
226
7.1 Introduction
227
7.2 Parametric Concept Design Optimisation
228
7.2.1 Optimisation Approach
229
7.2.2 Formulation of Early Concept Design Problem
230
7.2.3 Adaptation of Tools
232
7.2.4 Application Example
245
7.3 Parametric Ship Design and Optimisation in the Pre-contract Stage
246
7.3.1 Parametric Modelling of Hull Form and Watertight Subdivision
248
7.3.2 Assessment Tools
250
7.3.3 Surrogate Models
251
7.3.4 Formulation of a Sample Optimisation Problem
253
7.3.5 Results and Discussion
256
References
260
8 CAESES—The HOLISHIP Platform for Process Integration and Design Optimization
263
8.1 Introduction and Motivation
264
8.2 Process Integration and Design Optimization
266
8.2.1 Overview
266
8.2.2 Background
266
8.2.3 Overview of Intrinsic CAESES Functionality
267
8.2.4 Integration Approach Taken in HOLISHIP on the Basis of CAESES
268
8.2.5 Encapsulating Tools
270
8.3 Variable Geometry
273
8.3.1 Geometric Modeling
273
8.3.2 A RoPAX Ferry as an Example of Fully Parametric Modeling
275
8.3.3 An OSV as an Example of Partially Parametric Modeling
279
8.4 Data Management
281
8.4.1 Hierarchical Models
281
8.4.2 Parameters Versus Free Variables
284
8.4.3 Bottom-Up Approach for Integration
284
8.4.4 Conversion and Enrichment of Data
285
8.5 Software Connection
287
8.5.1 Software Connector
287
8.5.2 Integration of a Single Tool
289
8.5.3 Integration of Several Tools
289
8.5.4 Connection with Other Frameworks
290
8.6 Optimization
292
8.6.1 Overview
292
8.6.2 Exploration
293
8.6.3 Exploitation
294
8.6.4 Assessments
296
8.7 Direct Simulation Versus Surrogate Models
298
8.7.1 Idea of Surrogate Modeling
298
8.7.2 Typical Surrogate Models
299
8.7.3 Using Surrogate Models
300
8.8 Scenarios of Application
302
8.8.1 Manual Versus Automated Design
302
8.8.2 Offers via WebApps
303
8.9 Outlook
305
8.9.1 Meta-Projects
305
8.9.2 Community of Providers, Consultants and Users
305
8.10 Conclusions
306
References
307
9 Structural Design Optimization—Tools and Methodologies
310
9.1 Introduction
311
9.2 Trends in Optimization Methodologies
313
9.3 Optimization Tools
316
9.4 Quality Assessment of the Pareto Solutions
317
9.5 LBR-5: A Least Cost Structural Optimization Method
321
9.6 BESST Project
322
9.6.1 Motivation
322
9.6.2 Model for Study
324
9.6.3 Optimization Workflow Description
324
9.6.4 Results and Discussion
326
9.7 HOLISHIP Project
327
9.7.1 Presentation
327
9.7.2 Methodology
329
9.7.3 Concept Design Phase
330
9.7.4 Contract Design Phase
330
9.8 Efficient Tools for Ship and Offshore Structure Optimization in Collision Scenarios
332
9.8.1 Summary
332
9.8.2 Response Surface Method (RSM)
333
9.8.3 Analytical Method
335
9.8.4 Future Scope for Optimization Tools
337
9.9 Conclusions
337
References
338
10 Design for Modularity
343
10.1 Introduction to Design for Modularity
344
10.2 Defining and Delimiting Modularity
344
10.2.1 A Modular or an Integral Product Architecture?
345
10.2.2 Related Concepts
347
10.2.3 Modularity Types
347
10.3 Modularity in the Design Phase
350
10.3.1 Supporting a Product Platform Strategy
350
10.3.2 Design Process Efficiency by Configuration-Based Design Based on Modularity
351
10.3.3 Modularity Supporting Design Exploration and Innovation
354
10.3.4 Modularity in Ship Design—Summarized
358
10.4 Modularization in Ship Production
358
10.4.1 Effects on the Ship Production Value Chain
359
10.4.2 Early Outfitting
359
10.5 Modularity in Operation
361
10.5.1 Modularity for Flexibility in Operation
362
10.5.2 Modularity for Easy Retrofit and Modernization
364
10.5.3 Design Methods for Modular Adaptation in Operation
365
10.6 Conclusions
368
References
368
11 Application of Reliability, Availability and Maintenance Principles and Tools for Ship Design
371
11.1 Description of RAM Objectives and Methodology
372
11.1.1 RAM Objectives
372
11.1.2 RAM Methodology
373
11.2 RAM Applications
373
11.2.1 Aircraft Industry
373
11.2.2 Railway Industry
373
11.2.3 Oil and Gas/Offshore Industry
374
11.2.4 Defence Industry
374
11.2.5 Energy Industry
374
11.2.6 Process Industry
375
11.3 Motivation for RAM Analysis in Ship Design
375
11.3.1 Current Situation and Trends
375
11.3.2 Expected Benefit of RAM at Early Ship Design Stage
376
11.3.3 Main Target Ship Types for RAM Analyses
377
11.4 Specificities of Ship Design from RAM Analysis Point of View
377
11.5 Main Ship Systems for RAM Analysis
379
11.6 RAM Study
380
11.6.1 RAM Study Process
380
11.6.2 Criticality Analysis
380
11.6.3 Reliability Data Collection
381
11.6.4 RAM Assumptions
381
11.6.5 RAM Modelling, Simulation and Calculation
381
11.6.6 Results Generation
382
11.7 RAM Modelling
383
11.7.1 Boolean Formalisms
383
11.7.2 States/Transitions Formalisms
384
11.7.3 Model-Based Models
386
11.7.4 Most Suitable Modelling for Ship Design
388
11.8 Main Required Functionalities of RAM Tools
388
11.8.1 Step-by-Step Analysis for Verification
389
11.8.2 Type of Calculation
389
11.8.3 Results
390
11.8.4 Sensitivities
391
11.8.5 Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) Calculations
391
11.9 Reliability Data for RAM Analysis
391
11.10 Conclusions
393
References
393
12 Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) Tools
396
12.1 Introduction
397
12.2 Methodologies for the Assessment
398
12.2.1 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
398
12.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
400
12.2.3 LCC and LCA in the Shipping Sector
400
12.2.4 Cost Estimation Methods and Adoption of KPIs
401
12.3 End-of-Life Phase
403
12.3.1 Alternatives for End-of-Life Phase
403
12.3.2 KPI Inputs for End-of-Life Assessment
405
12.3.3 Data Required for End-of-Life Assessment
405
12.3.4 Energy-Economic Evaluation of End-of-Life Procedures
407
12.3.5 International Regulation
408
12.4 A Selection of KPIs for an Holistic Approach
409
12.5 A Methodology for an Holistic Approach
413
12.6 LCPA and KPIs Calculation
417
12.7 Consideration of Uncertainties
420
12.8 Conclusions and Comments on Application Cases
422
References
422
13 Modelling and Optimization of Machinery and Power System
426
13.1 Introduction
426
13.2 Definition/Composition of Machinery and Power System
427
13.3 Holistic Approach to Power System Modelling
430
13.4 Optimization and Verification of Power System Concept Design
433
13.5 Application Example
442
13.6 Conclusions
442
References
443
14 Advanced Ship Machinery Modeling and Simulation
445
14.1 Marine Energy Systems: Need for an Integrated Approach
446
14.2 Process Modeling and Simulation
447
14.2.1 Types of Problems and Application Areas
447
14.2.2 Generic Problem Description/Workflow
449
14.3 Mathematical Formulation of the Process Modeling Framework
451
14.3.1 Conservation Equations and Physical Phenomena
451
14.3.2 Connectivity Equations
454
14.3.3 Thermophysical Properties
454
14.4 Individual Component Models and Processes Library
455
14.4.1 Model Libraries
455
14.4.2 Primary Energy Converters
455
14.4.3 Secondary Energy Converters
456
14.4.4 Flow Transport Equipment
457
14.4.5 Heat Exchange and Phase Separation
458
14.4.6 Electrical System Components
458
14.4.7 Control and Automation
458
14.4.8 Power Flow
459
14.4.9 Mass Separation and (Bio) Chemical Reactors
459
14.5 Integration with Other Software Platforms
459
14.5.1 Objective
459
14.5.2 Building a Model with Exchange and Co-simulation Capabilities
460
14.6 Illustrative Applications
461
14.6.1 Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems
461
14.6.2 Desulfurization Scrubbers
464
14.6.3 LNG Carrier Newbuilding Configuration Alternatives
467
14.6.4 COSSMOS Use Under an Integration Platform for the HOLISHIP Project
470
14.7 Conclusions
473
References
474
15 HOLISPEC/RCE: Virtual Vessel Simulations
477
15.1 Introduction
478
15.2 Why Do We Need Coupled Simulations?
479
15.3 Simulations in Concept Design
482
15.3.1 Introduction
482
15.3.2 Data Representation and Exchange
482
15.4 Simulation in Design Verification
483
15.5 Available Tools and Frameworks
484
15.5.1 RCE and CPACS
484
15.5.2 Holispec
485
15.6 Applications and Case Studies
489
15.6.1 Concept Testing
489
15.6.2 Virtual Sea Trials
491
15.6.3 Coupled Simulations
491
15.6.4 Simulations in Concept Design: A Case Study
492
15.7 Conclusions and Way Ahead
496
References
496
Terminology of Some Used Important Notions
498