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The Ontology, Psychology and Axiology of Habits (Habitus) in Medieval Philosophy
Nicolas Faucher, Magali Roques
Verlag Springer-Verlag, 2019
ISBN 9783030002350 , 411 Seiten
Format PDF, OL
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Geräte
Preface
6
Contents
8
Abbreviations
10
Chapter 1: The Many Virtues of Second Nature: Habitus in Latin Medieval Philosophy
11
1.1 Introduction
11
1.2 Why Do Medieval Philosophers Posit Habitus?
14
1.3 The Ontology of Habitus
17
1.4 How Habitus Cause
19
1.5 The Growth and Decay of Habitus
21
1.6 The Unity of Habitus
22
1.7 Intellectual Habitus
26
1.8 Moral Habitus
28
References
31
Chapter 2: The Habitus of Choice
34
2.1 Introduction
34
2.2 Habit and Habitus
36
2.2.1 A Possible Translation?
36
2.2.2 The Deterministic Interpretation of Habitus as a Habit
37
2.2.3 Habitus as Distinguished from Habit
38
2.3 The Essence of Habitus
40
2.4 Thomas Aquinas: Freedom in Habitus
44
2.5 Duns Scotus: Habitus of the Will
48
2.6 Conclusion
53
References
53
Primary Literature
53
Secondary Literature
54
Chapter 3: Habitus According to Augustine: Philosophical Tradition and Biblical Exegesis
55
3.1 Introduction
55
3.2 The Normal Usage of the Word Habitus
57
3.3 Virtue as a Habitus Animi?
60
3.3.1 The Ciceronian Definition of Virtue
60
3.3.2 Reticence About the Definition of Virtue as a Habitus Animi?
63
3.4 Habitus as an Accident: Diverse Questions 73 and De Trinitate
67
3.4.1 Diverse Questions 73 and Its Presuppositions
67
3.4.2 Augustine’s Argument in Diverse Questions 73
69
3.4.3 In Deo autem nihil quidem secundum accidens dicitur (De Trinitate 5.5.6)
71
3.5 Conclusion
72
References
73
Primary Literature
73
Secondary Literature
74
Chapter 4: Speaking Theologically: The Concept of habitus in Peter Lombard and His Followers
75
4.1 Introduction
75
4.2 Augustine: Equal Merit
78
4.3 Peter Lombard: Virtue Itself and the Work of Virtue
81
4.4 Peter of Poitiers: Virtuous Dispositions and Justification
86
4.5 Stephen Langton: Dispositions and Powers
88
4.6 Conclusion
91
References
92
Primary Literature
92
Secondary Literature
92
Chapter 5: Habitus or Affectio: The Will and Its Orientation in Augustine, Anselm, and Duns Scotus
94
5.1 Introduction
94
5.2 Augustine: Habitus and Accident
96
5.2.1 Categorial Having
97
5.2.2 Acquired Habitus and Virtue
98
5.2.3 In Habitu/in Opere
99
5.3 Anselm and the Affections of the Will
100
5.3.1 Power and Receptivity
101
5.3.2 The Will and Its Affections
102
5.4 Duns Scotus: Habitus and Will
105
5.4.1 Habitus and Indeterminacy
105
5.4.2 Habitus of the Free Will
106
5.4.3 Indeterminacy Revisited
109
5.5 Conclusion
110
References
111
Primary Literature
111
Secondary Literature
112
Chapter 6: What Does a Habitus of the Soul Do? The Case of the Habitus of Faith in Bonaventure, Peter John Olivi and John Duns Scotus
114
6.1 Introduction
114
6.2 Bonaventure’s View
117
6.3 Olivi’s View
122
6.4 Scotus’s View
127
6.5 Conclusion
131
References
132
Primary Literature
132
Secondary Literature
133
Chapter 7: Intellection in Aquinas: From Habit to Operation
134
7.1 Introduction
134
7.2 The Acquisition of Intellection and the Constitution of the Intellectual Habit
136
7.3 From Habitual Intellection to Intellectual Operation
137
7.4 The Later Account of Intellectual Operation
140
7.5 Habit of Words?
144
7.6 Conclusion
145
References
147
Primary Literature
147
Secondary Literature
147
Chapter 8: “As One Is Disposed, So the Goal Appears to Him”: On the Function of Moral Habits (habitus) According to Thomas Aquinas
149
8.1 Introduction
149
8.2 Habitus and Habit (consuetudo)
154
8.3 The Production of a Particular Action
156
8.4 Moral habitus and the Goal of Action
157
8.5 The Goal as a Particular Principle of Practical Deliberation
159
8.6 The Unity of Ontological and Intentional Finality in the Habitual Act
164
8.7 The Connatural–Inclinative Judgement About the End
167
8.8 Conclusion
169
References
170
Primary Literature
170
Secondary Literature
170
Chapter 9: Thomas Aquinas on Our Freedom to Use Our Habitus
172
9.1 Introduction
172
9.2 How Habitus Influence Our Actions
174
9.3 Libertarian Character Control and the Act of Contrition
179
9.4 Conclusion: Aquinas on Self-Forming Action
187
References
187
Primary Literature
187
Secondary Literature
188
Chapter 10: Cognitive Dispositions in the Psychology of Peter John Olivi
190
10.1 Introduction
190
10.2 What Are Dispositions?
192
10.3 Dispositions in Sensory Cognition
201
10.4 Conclusion
207
References
208
Primary Literature
208
Secondary Literature
208
Chapter 11: Thomas of Sutton on Intellectual habitus
210
11.1 Introduction
210
11.2 The Nature of Cognitive Processes
211
11.3 Habitus as Characteristic of the Mental
218
11.4 Habitus and Species
220
11.5 Do habitus Have a Causal Role in Cognition?
222
11.6 Habitus as “Natures”
227
11.7 Conclusion
230
References
231
Primary Literature
231
Secondary Literature
231
Chapter 12: Are Cognitive Habits in the Intellect? Durand of St.-Pourçain and Prosper de Reggio Emilia on Cognitive Habits
233
12.1 Introduction
233
12.1.1 The Location Thesis
235
12.1.2 The Arguments from the Anonymous Thomist
239
12.1.3 Habits and Acts: Ontology and Change
243
12.2 Conclusion
245
References
246
Manuscripts
246
Primary Literature
246
Secondary Literature
247
Chapter 13: Peter Auriol on Habits and Virtues
249
13.1 Introduction
249
13.2 The Ontological Status of Habits and Virtues
250
13.3 The Unity of Habits and Virtues
253
13.4 The Role of Habits and Virtues in the Causation of Action
257
13.5 Conclusion
264
References
264
Primary Texts
264
Secondary Literature
265
Chapter 14: Ockham on Habits
266
14.1 Introduction
266
14.2 The Dispositional Nature of Habit
267
14.2.1 Definition
267
14.2.2 The Metaphysics of the Soul
268
14.2.3 The Ontological Status of Habit
271
14.3 Habit and Inclination
273
14.3.1 Inclination as the Main Characteristic of Habit
273
14.3.2 Habit as an Active Causal Principle
275
14.3.3 Inclination as the Activation of a Habit
276
14.4 The Relation of Causation Between Act and Habit
277
14.4.1 Methodological Considerations
277
14.4.2 Habit as a Non-standard Disposition
280
14.4.3 A Strong Interpretation of the Causal Principle
281
14.5 Conclusion
284
References
285
Primary Literature
285
Secondary Literature
285
Chapter 15: William Ockham on the Mental Ontology of Scientific Knowledge
287
15.1 Introduction
287
15.2 The Ontology of Knowledge: Habits, Acts, and Their Objects
289
15.3 Aggregate Sciences: Unified Bodies of Scientific Knowledge
295
15.4 Unifying and Organizing Aggregate Sciences
297
15.5 Conclusion
299
References
300
Primary Literature
300
Secondary Literature
300
Chapter 16: Tot scibilia quot scientiae? Are There as Many Sciences as Objects of Science? The Format of Scientific Habits from Thomas Aquinas to Gregory of Rimini
302
16.1 Introduction
302
16.1.1 Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae I, Question 1, Article 3 (Rome, 1265–1268)
305
16.1.2 Henry of Ghent, Quodlibet IX, Question 4 (Lent 1286)
307
16.1.3 Duns Scotus: Questions on the Metaphysics, Book 6, Question 1 (ca. 1300?)
308
16.1.4 Peter Auriol, Scriptum, Prologue, Section 4 (Ante 1316)
310
16.1.5 William of Ockham, Sentences, Prologue, Question 8 (1318–1319)
312
16.1.6 Adam Wodeham, Lectura secunda I, Question 1, Article 2 (ca. 1330)
314
16.1.7 Gregory of Rimini, Lectura I, Prologue, Question 3, Article 1 (1343–1344)
316
16.2 Conclusion
318
References
319
Primary Literature
319
Secondary Literature
320
Chapter 17: The Metaphysics of Habits in Buridan
321
17.1 The Logic and Metaphysics of Habits in Aristotle and Aquinas
321
17.2 Aquinas’s vs. Buridan’s Logic and Metaphysics
325
17.3 The Differences Between Aquinas’s and Buridan’s Metaphysics of Habits
327
17.4 Conclusion
330
References
331
Primary Literature
331
Secondary Literature
331
Chapter 18: Acts and Dispositions in John Buridan’s Faculty Psychology
332
18.1 Introduction
332
References
344
Primary Literature
344
Secondary Literature
345
Chapter 19: The Concept of Habit in Richard Kilvington’s Ethics
346
19.1 Introduction
347
19.2 The Place of Habit in Questions on the Ethics
348
19.3 The Concept of Habit and Disposition
348
19.4 Habit and Will
353
19.5 The Nature of Virtue and Vice
356
19.6 Prudence, Right Reasoning, and Habit
359
19.7 Conclusion
360
References
361
Primary Literature
361
Secondary Literature
362
Chapter 20: Suárez on the Metaphysics of Habits
364
20.1 Introduction: Habits and Occult Qualities
364
20.2 The Definition and Function of Habits
366
20.3 The Generation of Habits
371
20.4 The Intension and Remission of Habits
374
20.5 Conclusion
378
References
382
Primary Literature
382
Secondary Literature
382
Chapter 21: Extrinsic Denomination and the Origins of Early Modern Metaphysics: The Scholastic Context of Descartes’s Regulae
384
21.1 Problems in Standard Interpretations of the Regulae
385
21.2 Descartes’s Real Argument in Regula 1
389
21.3 Habitual or Deductive Unity?
393
21.4 Method as Cognitive Technology, Simple Natures as Habitual Concepts
395
21.5 Conclusion: The “Skeptical” Consequences of Extrinsic Denomination and the Origins of Descartes’s Metaphysics
397
References
399
Primary Literature
399
Secondary Literature
399
Index
401
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