Biolaw and Policy in the Twenty-First Century - Building Answers for New Questions

Foreword

References

Acknowledgements

Contents

Editors and Contributors

Introduction

Foundations of Biolaw

A Defense of Universal Principles in Biomedical Ethics

1 Introduction

2 Principlism as a Theory About Universal Moral Principles

3 Common Morality as the Source of Universal Principles

4 The Framework of Universal Principles

4.1 Respect for Autonomy

4.2 Nonmaleficence

4.3 Beneficence

4.4 Justice

5 Do European Bioethics and Biolaw Need a Different Framework of Principles?

6 Does Eastern Ethics Rest on Different Cultural Principles?

7 Correlativity as the Connection Between Universal Principles and Human Rights

8 Specifying Universal Principles to Render Them Practical

9 Specification in Action: Research Ethics and the Idea of Overlapping Consensus

10 The Justification of Specifications Using the Method of Reflective Equilibrium

11 Conclusion

References

The Idea of European Biolaw: Basic Principles

1 Biolaw in Our Time

2 The New Scope of Ethics

3 Ethical Guidelines for Biotechnology

4 From Ethical Visions to Moral Norms

4.1 The Narrative Vision

4.2 The Ethical Idea

4.3 The Basic Ethical Principles

4.4 The Moral Norms

5 The Dialectics of the Four Principles

5.1 Autonomy

5.2 Dignity

5.3 Integrity

5.4 Vulnerability

6 Conclusion

References

Four Ethical Principles in European Bioethics and Biolaw: Autonomy, Dignity, Integrity and Vulnerability

1 Introduction

2 Protection of Human Beings

3 The Definitions of Basic Ethical Principles

4 Foundations and Criticisms of the Basic Ethical Principles

References

Towards a New Conception of Biolaw

1 Introduction

2 The Insufficiencies of the Current Conception of Biolaw

3 The Need for Biolaw

4 Sources of Biolaw

4.1 Origin of Sources

4.2 The Identification of Fundamental Rights Applicable to Science and New Technologies

4.3 New Human Rights Stakeholders

4.4 Potential Violators of Human Rights

4.5 Biolaw: From a Technical Law to a Law of Principles

5 The Principles of Biolaw

5.1 Respect for Autonomy

5.2 Respect for Dignity

5.3 Respect for Integrity

5.4 Respect for Vulnerability

6 Juridification of Biolaw Principles

7 The Constitutional Status of Biorights

8 Conclusions

References

Approach to Biolaw as an Autonomous Juridical Discipline

1 Introduction

2 Concept of Biolaw

3 Object of Biolaw

4 Biolaw as a Discipline of Interdisciplinary Nature

4.1 Disciplinarity, Multidisciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity in Juridical Research and in the Application of Law

4.2 Interdisciplinarity as a Characteristic Scientific Method of Biolaw

5 Delimitation of Biolaw from Other Related Disciplines

5.1 Medical Law or Biomedical Law

5.2 Sanitary Law

5.3 Legal Medicine

5.4 Bioethics

6 Relations Between Biolaw and Bioethics

7 The Method for Biolaw Discourse

7.1 Citizen Participation: Procedures

7.2 Support of Ideological Pluralism

7.3 Institutionalization of the Channels of Expression

7.4 Universalization of a Juridical-Ethical Minimum

7.5 Other Formal Procedures

8 Conclusions

References

The Essential Features of 21st Century Biolaw

1 Introduction: Three Challenges for 21st Century Biolaw

2 Anthropocene: Pros and Cons of Biotechnology

3 The Match Between Law and Life Sciences

4 An Open Biolaw

5 An Updated Biolaw

6 An Attentive Biolaw

7 Threats and Opportunities

References

Biolaw and Bioethics: Convergences and Divergences

1 Introduction

2 Towards a Systemic View of Biolaw

2.1 A Return to the Debate on the Relationship Between Ethics and Law

2.2 Biolaw as an Open System: Social Morality, Civic Dialogue and Regulatory Policies

3 Approaches of Law to Bioethical Problems: Sources of Biolaw

3.1 Biolaw in the International Law of Human Rights

3.2 Biolaw in Contemporary Constitutionalism and in the Legislation

3.3 Biolaw in International Constitutional Jurisprudence

4 Reference Frameworks for Biolaw and Their Relationship with Bioethics: A Plurality of Models

4.1 Reference Frameworks and Models in Biolaw

4.2 Interface Between Bioethics and Biolaw: Towards a Middle Way Between Convergence and Divergence to Face the Challenges of the 21st Century

5 Conclusion

References

Biolaw in the World and in Latin America

Universal Ethics and Biolaw for a Multicultural World

1 Nationalism Is not the End of Universalism

2 Harmony

3 Bioethics as a Merger of National Ethical Traditions

4 Living as an Ecocentric Being

5 Autonomy

6 Justice

7 Equity

8 Beneficence

9 Do no Harm—Non-maleficence

10 Stewardship

11 Power Structures and Who Decides

12 Our Common Future Is Hard Work

References

From Biolaw to Technological Innovation in Law

1 A Personal Involvement

2 A Prime

3 Body and Liberty (The First Period)

3.1 The Legal Realm of the Individual and Italian Law

3.2 The Piergiorgio Welby Case

3.3 The Englaro Case (PVS)

3.4 Italian Caselaw and International Leading Cases in PVS Patients

3.5 Body and Liberty as a Largely Settled Field

4 Genetics and Law: Familiarity Versus Individualism (The Second Period)

4.1 Individual Privacy and Family Ties in Genetics

4.2 The Biological Group as Legal Artifact

5 Converging Technologies and the Law (The Third Period from 2005 in Progress)

5.1 Does the Next Golden Age Require Any Law?

5.2 Neuroethics and Neurolaw

5.3 From Robots to Autonomous Systems

6 Biolaw or, Simply, Law Today (The Fourth Period)

6.1 Technological Invisible Ontology

7 Is All This Still Within Biolaw?

References

Liquid Biolaw: The Unbearable Lightness of the Post-Modern Age

1 Introduction

2 Metaphor of Fluidity or Liquefaction

3 Lightness of Postmodern Discourses

References

Biolaw and Tensions of Constitutional Law in Latin America

1 Introduction

2 Tensions

3 Conclusion

References

Justice, Human Rights and the Persistence of Hunger: A Current Issue for Bioethics and Biolaw in the 21st Century

1 Introduction

2 Vulnerability, Vulnerabilization, Hunger and Human Rights

3 Human Rights and the Principle of Vulnerability

4 The Human Right to Food According to the United Nations Organization: The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

5 The Principle of Vulnerability, the Interdependence of Human Rights and the Human Right to Food

6 The Contributions of the Special Rapporteurship of the United Nations for the Human Right to Food

7 The Human Right to Food: Standards of the Inter-American System to Guarantee the Right to Food

8 Limits and Tensions of the Human Right to Food in the Context of the Capitalist Model of Food Production in Costa Rica: A Reading from the Principle of Vulnerability

9 Conclusion

References

Biolaw, Diversity and Social Justice: The Emergence of Differentiated Rights

1 Introduction

2 Diversity and Difference in the Social Rule of Law

3 Ethnic Communities as Subject of Law

4 Right of Ethnic Communities to Prior Consultation and Free and Informed Consent

5 Right to Education of Ethnic Communities and Their Members

6 Recognition and Praxis of Differentiated Rights

6.1 Justification of the Positive Differentiation from Contingencies Such as Ethnicity

7 Conclusions

References

The Constitutionalization of Biolaw in Colombia

1 Introduction

2 Constitutionalization of Law

3 Biolaw as a Legislative Discipline Susceptible of Constitutionalization

4 Biolaw in Colombian Constitutional Case Law

4.1 Surrogate Motherhood or Wombs Renting

4.2 Genetic Information and Biological Samples

4.3 Fundamental Right “to Be Tried” or “Right to Try”

5 Conclusion

References

Report on Biolaw’s State of the Art in Mexico

1 Biolaw in Mexico

2 Scientific Research

3 Research on Human Genome

4 Genetic Manipulation

5 Stem Cells

6 Genetic Testing to Determine Filiation

7 Assisted Fertilization

8 Legal Termination of Pregnancy

9 Organ Transplantation

10 Personal Data Protection

11 Advanced Directives

12 Euthanasia

13 Other Issues that Must Be Addressed by Biolaw in Mexico

14 Final Reflections

References

Biolaw for the Biosciences, Health Care and Non-human Animals

Biolaw and ‘the Dual-Use Dilemma’: The Freedom of Scientific Research in Relationship with ‘Traditional’ and Emerging Sciences and Technologies

1 Introduction

2 The ‘Dual-Use Dilemma’

3 The Freedom of Scientific Research

4 The Relationship Between the Freedom of Scientific Research and Other Rights/Freedoms/Needs

4.1 The Right/Need to Security

4.2 The Right to Life

4.3 The Right to Health

4.4 The Right to Environment

5 Proportionality and Reasonableness in Order to Draw the Relationship among Freedoms and Rights

6 How to (Concretely) Manage the ‘Dual-Use Dilemma’?

7 A Sort of Conclusion

References

Biolaw, Liberalism and Cognitive Enhancement: Identifying Harms

1 Introduction

2 Personal Affectation and Independent Values

3 Liberalism and the Harm Principle

4 Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement and Third Party

4.1 A Form of Deception

4.2 A Mode of Coercion

4.3 Waste of Energies and Resources

4.4 Social Injustice

5 Consequences in Agents

5.1 Deceiving Oneself

5.2 Threatened Individuality

5.3 Non-autonomous Wishes

6 Depreciation of Independent Values

7 Conclusions

References

Genetic Manipulation and Human Genome in the Colombian Legal System. An Analysis from Biolaw

1 The State of the Art in Constitutional Matters

2 Provisions in Force on Genetic Material and Scientific Research

3 Guarantees Linked to Human Genome Research and the Confidentiality of Genome Information

4 Legislative Projects in Colombia Related to the Human Genome

5 Colombian Courts’ Decisions on Human Genome

6 Conclusion

References

Dysgenic Biomedical Practices and Their International Regulation: A Proposal from Biolaw

1 Introduction

2 A Case

3 Analysis

4 Categorical and Legal Extension of DGP Understood as a Kind of Non-therapeutic Genetic Manipulation

5 The Concepts of Inexorable Harm and Anticipated Protection of the Person

6 Insufficient International Regulation of Genetic Manipulation

7 Conclusions

References

Palliative Cares as Human Rights: A Justification in the Light of Biolaw

1 Introduction

2 The End of Life. Disease and Death

3 Palliative Care as a Holistic and Humanistic Approach to Illness and Death

4 Legal Framework. The Proposal from the Philosophical Field: Palliative Care as a Human Right

5 The Essential Conditions for a Comprehensive Health System in Palliative Care

6 Use of Opioids

7 Costs

8 Proposal

References

Biolaw and Non-human Animals

1 Introduction

2 The Crisis of the Institution of the Person

3 Hypothesis About Non-human Animals

4 Conclusions

References

Index