Advances in Kaiyu Studies - From Shop-Around Movements Through Behavioral Marketing to Town Equity Research

Preface

Contents

Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction: A Meta-theoretic Evaluation Framework for Kaiyu Studies

1 An Evaluative Viewpoint for Urban Development and Management Policy Research

1.1 City As a City Formation System

Physical System

Activity System

Social Decision-Making System

City As a City Formation System

1.2 Three Evaluation Schemes

1.3 Ideal City Type Evaluation Scheme

1.4 Activity Effect Type Evaluation Scheme

Basic Form of Activity Effect Evaluation Scheme

Physical=Activity Interdependence Extension Form

Policy Extension Form

1.5 City Formation System Type Evaluation Scheme

References

Part I: Policy Evaluation from Kaiyu Movements

Chapter 2: How Did the Large-Scale City Center Retail Redevelopment Change Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors?: A Case of the City...

1 Purpose of This Study

2 Large-Scale Redevelopment at City Center Commercial District of Fukuoka City and Surveys of Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors

2.1 Outline of Large-Scale Redevelopment at Downtown Fukuoka

2.2 Surveys of Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka City

3 Method of Measuring the Effect of Large-Scale Redevelopment Using the Shop-Around Markov Model

3.1 The Shop-Around Markov Model

3.2 Aggregation Validity of the Shop-Around Markov Model

3.3 Measuring the Effect of the Large-Scale Redevelopment

3.4 Center of Gravity by Visit Frequency

4 Results of the Surveys of Shop-Around Behavior in the Downtown Fukuoka Area

5 Measurement of Structural Changes in the City Center District due to Large-Scale Redevelopment: Verification of the Southwar...

5.1 Interannual Comparison of Shop-Around Choice Probability

5.2 Interannual Comparison of the Shop-Around Effect

5.3 Interannual Comparison of Shop-Around Visit Frequency and Total Visit Frequency

5.4 Measurement of the Effect of Large-Scale Redevelopment on Visit Frequency

5.5 Measuring the Effect of the Large-Scale Redevelopment on Shop-Around Pattern

5.6 Southward Movement of the Center of Gravity in the Tenjin District As Derived from the Visit Frequency

6 Conclusion and Future Research

References

Chapter 3: Evaluating Municipal Tourism Policy from How Visitors Walk Around Historical Heritage Area: An Evaluation of the ``...

1 Purpose

2 Analysis Framework

2.1 Outline of the ``Walking Path of History´´

2.2 Data Used

2.3 Method

2.4 Kaiyu Markov Model

3 What Places Do Visitors to Dazaifu City Visit and How Do They Kaiyu?

3.1 Total Number of Incoming Visitors to Dazaifu Tenman-gu Shrine

3.2 Estimation of the Number of Visitors Entering Dazaifu City

3.3 Comparison of Estimated Number of Visitors with Real Counted Numbers

3.4 Estimated Result of Kaiyu Movements Among Attractions Within Dazaifu City

4 Evaluating Tourism Policy of Walking Path of History

5 Conclusion and Further Research

References

Chapter 4: How Did the Extension of Underground Shopping Mall Vitalize Kaiyu Within City Center?

1 Purpose

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Tenjin Area in Fukuoka City

2.2 Data Used

2.3 Shop-Around Markov Model

2.4 The Definition of Shop-Around Effect

3 Measurement of Shop-Around Effects and Their Interannual Comparison

4 Estimation of the Numbers of Shop-Around Visits and Total Visits and Their Interannual Comparison

4.1 Interannual Comparisons of Visits, Shop-Around Visits, and Total Visits

4.2 Interannual Comparisons of Visits, Shop-Around Visits, and Total Visits Among Department Stores

4.3 Evaluating the Development Projects by Kaiyu Index

5 Conclusion

References

Part II: Some Characteristics of Kaiyu

Chapter 5: Occurrence Order of Shop-Around Purposes

1 The Purpose of the Study

2 Method

2.1 Survey Data

2.2 Definition of Terms Used in the Analysis

2.3 Procedure for the Analysis

3 Stationarity of the Transition Probability of Shop-Around Purpose

3.1 Purpose Transition Probability by Shop-Around Steps

3.2 Analysis of the Probability of ``Returning Home´´

3.3 Stationarity of Purpose Transition Probability Excluding the Purpose of ``Returning Home´´

4 Analysis of the Occurrence Order of Shop-Around Purpose by Ratio Scale Decomposition Method

4.1 Shop-Around Purpose Distribution by Shop-Around Steps

4.2 Method

4.3 Results of the Analysis for All Behavior Purposes

4.4 Results of the Analysis Limited to Non-derived Purposes

5 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 6: Kaiyu Distance Distribution Function at Downtown Space

1 Introduction

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Data Used

2.2 Definition of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) and Its Measurement

2.3 Estimation Method of the Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Distance Distribution Function

2.4 Procedure of the Analysis

3 Analysis of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Step Distribution

3.1 Method

3.2 Results of the Analysis

4 Nonparametric Estimation of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Distance Distribution Function

4.1 Method

4.2 Results of the Analysis

5 Estimation by Proportional Hazard Model

5.1 Method

5.2 Results of the Analysis

6 Estimation by the Exponential Weibull Model

6.1 Method

6.2 Results of the Analysis

7 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 7: The Factors Determining Staying Time of Kaiyu in City Center

1 Purpose

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Definition of the Length of Staying Time of Shop-Around

2.2 Data Used

2.3 Multiple Regression Analysis Employed

3 The Length of Shop-Around Staying Time Differs Among People with Different Individual Characteristics?

3.1 Average Length of Shop-Around Staying Time

3.2 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Gender

3.3 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Age

3.4 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Main Purposes

3.5 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Travel Time Distances

3.6 Average Shop-Around Staying Time by Travel Costs

4 Multiple Regression Analysis for Exploring Factors to Determine the Length of Shop-Around (Kaiyu) Staying Time

4.1 The Model Using All the Explanatory Variables

4.2 The Model Estimated by Backward Variable Selection Method

5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 8: Little´s Formula and Parking Behaviors

1 Purpose

2 Little´s Formula and Data Used

2.1 Little´s Formula

2.2 Data Used

2.3 Dividing the City Center Retail District by Access Directions

2.4 Total Number of Visitors Who Visit the City Center by Car

2.5 Parking Capacity for Each Block of Tenjin

3 Little´s Formula and Parking Capacity Analysis

3.1 Arrival Rate

3.2 Average Staying Time for Visitors by Car

3.3 Demand for Parking Lots Calculated by Little´s Formula

3.4 Parking Capacity Analysis

4 Analysis of Parking Behavior by Access Directions

4.1 Access Directions by Car to the City Center

4.2 Choices of Parking Blocks

4.3 Cruising Time to Find Parking Lot by Access Directions

5 Parking Capacity Analysis by Parking Blocks

5.1 Arrival Time and Departure Time by Parking Blocks

5.2 Arrival Rates for Parking Blocks

5.3 Average Staying Time for Visitors by Car

5.4 Demand for Parking Lots for Five Parking Blocks Calculated by Little´s Formula

5.5 Parking Capacity Analysis for Five Parking Blocks

6 Conclusion

References

Part III: Economic Effects by Accelerating Kaiyu

Chapter 9: The Economic Effects of City Center 100-Yen Circuit Bus

1 Purpose of Research

2 Features of the Fukuoka City Center 100-Yen Bus

2.1 Operating Area and Routes of the Fukuoka City Center 100-Yen Bus

2.2 Number of Units in Operation and Frequencies

2.3 Results After the Introduction of the City Center 100-Yen Bus

3 User Characteristics of the City Center 100-Yen Bus According to the Survey of Kaiyu Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka...

3.1 Survey of Kaiyu Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka City

3.2 Characteristics of the City Center 100-Yen Bus Users

Number of Steps During Kaiyu

Average Number of Consumer Kaiyu Steps of the City Center 100-Yen Bus Users

Average Expenditure for City Center 100-Yen Bus Users

4 Estimation of the Economic Effect of the Fukuoka City Center 100-Yen Bus

4.1 Estimating the Economic Effect

4.2 Results of Estimation

5 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 10: Time Value of Shopping

1 Purpose

2 Previous Studies

3 Framework of the Analysis

3.1 Time Value Measurement Method

3.2 Forecasting Method of Transport Mode Share

3.3 Data

Survey of Kaiyu Behaviors at the City Center of Fukuoka City: Data on Transport Modal Choice

Kaiyu History Recorded

Criteria for Modal Choice

Choice Result by Mode

Required Time and Cost by Mode

Data on Required Time

Data on Required Cost

4 Results of Measuring Time Value

4.1 Measurement Results from Two Modes by Subway and Bus

4.2 Results of Measurement from Two Modes by Day of Week

4.3 Results of Measurement from Three Modes Including Walking

4.4 Measurement Results by Modal Choices of Subway, Bus, and Walking

5 Measurement of Time Value by Attribute

5.1 Measurement of Time Value by Respondent´s Travel Cost and Its Characteristics

5.2 Measurement of Time Value by Individual Attributes

Gender

Age

5.3 Measurement of Time Value by Purpose and Purchasing Attitude in the City Center District

Main Purpose in the Downtown Area

Purchasing Attitude

6 Application of Time Value to the Ex Ante and Ex Post Forecast of Changes in Travel Mode Choices Caused by the Introduction o...

6.1 Ex Ante Forecast of Modal Share After the Introduction of City Center 100-Yen Bus Using 1999 Data and Its Evaluation

6.2 Ex Post Forecast of Modal Share Before the Introduction of City Center 100-Yen Bus Using 2000 Data and Its Evaluation

7 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 11: Roles of City Center Cafés and Their Economic Effects on City Center: A Consumer Behavior Approach Focusing on Kai...

1 Purpose

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Data Used

2.2 Procedure of the Analysis

3 Functions of City Center Cafés from the Viewpoint of Consumers´ Use Behavior

3.1 Attributes of City Center Café Users

Percentage by Gender

Percentage by Age

3.2 Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés

City Center Café Utilization Rate by Gender

Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés by Age

Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés by Occupation

Utilization Rate of City Center Cafés by the Number and Types of Companions

3.3 Characteristics of the Utilization of City Center Cafés

Reasons for Using City Center Cafés

Average Expenditure at City Center Cafés Per Visit

Frequency of Visits to City Center Cafés

Length of Time Staying at City Center Cafés

City Center Cafés Most Frequented in the City Center District

3.4 Comparison of the Utilization of Starbucks, Doutor, and Other City Center Cafés

City Center Cafés Used on the Day of the Survey

Reasons for Stopping at a City Center Café

Length of Time Staying at City Center Cafés

Expenditure Spent at City Center Cafés

3.5 Average Number of Kaiyu Steps of Visitors Who Used City Center Cafés

Comparison Between Average Numbers of Kaiyu Steps for Users and Nonusers of City Center Cafés

Average Number of Kaiyu Steps of City Center Café Users by Time of Use

3.6 Average Expenditure of City Center Café Users

Average Expenditure Per Kaiyu Step of City Center Café User

Average Expenditure by Time of Use

4 Estimation of the Economic Effect of City Center Cafés

4.1 Conceptualizing the Economic Effect of City Center Cafés

4.2 Estimated Results

Number of City Center Café Users

Percentage of City Center Café Users in the Middle of Kaiyu

Increase of the Number of Kaiyu Steps

Average Expenditure per Kaiyu Step

Economic Effect of City Center Cafés

5 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Part IV: Economic Effects by Increasing Visitors

Chapter 12: The Economic Effects of Opening a New Subway Line on City Center Commercial District

1 Purpose

2 Route of Fukuoka City Subway Nanakuma Line and Study Area

3 Procedure to Estimate Economic Effect

4 Estimating Models of Modal Choice and Visit Frequency

4.1 Data Used

Consumer Travel Behavior Survey at the City Center of Fukuoka City

Complementary Data by GIS

Distance Measurement by GIS Software

Calculation of Travel Time and Travel Cost

4.2 Modal Choice Model: Formulation and Estimated Results

Formulation

Estimated Results of Parameters for Modal Choice Model

4.3 Visit Frequency Model: Formulation and Estimated Results

Formulation of Visit Frequency Model

Estimated Results of Parameters

5 Forecasting Economic Effects on the City Center Commercial District of Fukuoka City

5.1 Data Required for Forecasting

Population Data of Study Area

Calculating Travel Time and Travel Cost by Transport Means by Town-Chome Division Using GIS

5.2 Predicted Results for Modal Choice After the Subway Opens

Assumptions of Predicting Modal Choice for Town-Chome Division

Predicted Results for Modal Shift by Town-Chome Division

Case with Park and Ride

Case Without Park and Ride

5.3 Forecast Result of the Number of Visitors to the City Center

Case with Park and Ride

Case Without Park and Ride

5.4 Average Expenditure at the City Center District per Visit

5.5 Result of Economic Effects

Case with Park and Ride

Case Without Park and Ride

6 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 13: Did an Introduction of a New Subway Line Increase the Frequency of Visits to City Center?

1 Purpose

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Overview of Fukuoka City Subway Nanakuma Line

2.2 Data Used

2.3 Method to Verify the Increase in the Frequency of Visits to the City Center District of Fukuoka City

3 Changes in Transport Means to the City Center Before and After the Opening of the Subway Line

4 Verification of the Increase in the Frequency of Visits to the City Center Before and After the Opening of the Subway

4.1 Changes in Visit Frequency Pre and Post the Subway Opening

4.2 Comparison of Changes in the Frequency of Visits to the City Center Before and After the Opening by Nanakuma Line Users an...

5 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 14: To What Extent Did the Woodworks Festival Attract People?

1 Purpose

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Overview of the Okawa Woodworks Festival

2.2 The Method to Measure the Customer Attraction Effect of the Woodworks Festival

2.3 Data Used

2.4 Sample Profile

Gender

Age

Visit Purpose

3 Comparison Between Visitors with Festival Purpose and with Other Purposes

3.1 Expenditure at the ``Spring Okawa Woodworks Festival´´

Total Expenditure in Okawa City

Expenditure at Okawa Woodworks Festival Venue

Expenditure Outside the Okawa Woodworks Festival Venue

3.2 Comparison of Travel Time

3.3 Comparison of Visited Places on the Day of the Festival

4 Measuring the Customer Attraction Effect of the Okawa Woodworks Festival

4.1 Procedure of the Analysis and Data

Procedure of the Estimation

Data

4.2 Estimation Model

Visit Frequency Poisson Model

Estimated Results of the Parameter

4.3 Results of Forecasting the Number of Usual Daily Visitors to Okawa City from the Okawa Metropolitan Area

4.4 Estimating the Number of Visitors Attracted by the Okawa Woodworks Festival from the Okawa Metropolitan Area

5 How Far the Okawa Woodworks Festival Attracts Visitors From?

5.1 Method for Determining Visitor Attraction Area by the Festival

5.2 Parameter Estimated Results

5.3 Visitor Attraction Area of the Okawa Woodworks Festival

6 TV Commercial Is Effective for Enlarging the Visitor Attraction Area?

6.1 Model to Estimate the Effect of TV Commercials

6.2 Parameter Estimated Results and the Enlargement Effect by TV Commercials

Parameters Estimated

Enlargement Effect by TV Commercials on Visitor Attraction Area of the Okawa Woodworks Festival

7 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 15: How Did the Effects of the Festival Held on Main Street Spread Over Other Districts Within a City Center?

1 Purpose

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Outline of the Kumamoto Castle Festival

2.2 Data Used

2.3 Method for the Analysis

2.4 Consistent Estimation Method

3 The Effect of the Kumamoto Castle Festival from the Viewpoint of Kaiyu Behaviors

3.1 Estimating the Net Total Number of Incoming Visitors to the Whole City Center District of Kumamoto City

3.2 Comparing Visit Ratios to Zones by Visit Purposes of Visitors

3.3 Comparing the Number of Visitors to Zones by Visit Purposes of Visitors

4 Measuring the Effect of the Kumamoto Castle Festival on Expenditure

4.1 Average Expenditure per Visit for Each Zone

4.2 The Effect of the Kumamoto Castle Festival on Expenditure

5 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Part V: Kaiyu Marketing and Value of Visit to City Center

Chapter 16: Did the Grand Renewal Opening of Department Store Enhance the Visit Value of Customers?

1 Purpose

1.1 Background and Aim of This Study

1.2 Purpose of This Study

2 Framework of the Analysis

2.1 Data Used

Outline of the 9th (2004) Survey of Consumer Shop-Around Behavior at the City Center of Fukuoka City

Characteristics of Data Used: Retrospective Panel Data

2.2 Procedure for the Analysis

Framework for Analyzing Changes in Purchasing Behaviors Before and After Iwataya Renewal

Analyses to Be Done

Measurements of Purpose Realization Rate, Frequency of Visits, and Expenditure per Month

Integrated Measures for the Old and the New Iwataya

3 Changes in Purpose Realization Rate, Visit Frequency, and Expenditure per Month Before and After the Renewal

3.1 Changes in Purpose Realization Rate Before and After the Renewal by Age Groups

3.2 Changes in Visit Frequency Before and After the Renewal by Age Groups

3.3 Changes in Expenditure per Month Before and After the Renewal by Age Groups

4 Analysis of the Effect of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency and Expenditure

4.1 Effects of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency and Expenditure

4.2 Cumulative Distribution Functions for Groups with High and Low Purpose Realization Rate with Respect to Visit Frequency an...

5 The Increases in Purpose Realization Rate Cause the Increases in Visit Frequency and Expenditure Before and After the Renewa...

5.1 Division Ratio Cross Tabulation Method

5.2 The Increases in Purpose Realization Rate Cause the Increase in the Visit Frequency and the Expenditure?

6 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Chapter 17: A New Entry of Large Variety Shop Increases the Value of City Center?

1 Purpose of This Study

2 Data Used

3 The Entry of Tenjin Loft Changes Consumer Purchasing Behaviors for Personal Items at Tenjin District?

4 Images of Tenjin Loft and INCUBE and Their Effects on Store Choices

4.1 Comparative Analysis of the Images Held by Consumers Who Changed Their Purchase Destinations to Loft and Those Who Did Not

Method

Results of the Comparisons

4.2 A Conditional Logit Model for Analyzing How Store Images Affect the Switch of Purchase Destinations

Method

Results of the Analyses

5 Changes in Consumer Behaviors Caused by the Opening of Tenjin Loft

5.1 A Framework for Analyzing Changes in Consumer Behaviors Before and After the Opening of Tenjin Loft

5.2 Consumers Who Changed Their Purchase Destinations from INCUBE to Tenjin Loft Enhanced Their Purpose Realization Rate?

6 Influence of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency and Expenditure

6.1 Influence of Purpose Realization Rate on Visit Frequency to Tenjin District

6.2 Influence of Purpose Realization Rate on Expenditure at Tenjin District

7 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Part VI: Emerging View of the Goal of Urban Development

Chapter 18: The Concept of Town Equity and the Goal of Urban Development

1 Information and Evaluation of Town

1.1 Information Evolution of Town Walking: Information and the Hypothesis on the Attractiveness of Town

The Hard Trick for Information Evolution: Canal City Hakata as an Example

The Soft Trick for Information Evolution: The Concept of Hypertext City

2 The Concept of Town Equity

2.1 Dynamics of Changes of Hotspots Within a City Center District

2.2 Brand Equity

2.3 Definition of Town Equity

3 The Goal of Urban Development

References

Chapter 19: City Center Parking Policy: A Business Model Approach

1 Purpose of This Study

2 Data Used

2.1 The Twelfth Survey of Consumer Shop-Around Behaviors at City Center of Fukuoka City

2.2 The First Survey of Behaviors of Shoppers Using Parking Lots at City Center of Fukuoka City

3 Size of Economy that Car-Use Shoppers Bring to the City Center of Fukuoka City

3.1 Expenditure Car-Use Shoppers Spend at the Tenjin District

3.2 Annual Sales of Parking Lots

3.3 Economy Size that Car-Use Shoppers Bring to Tenjin District

4 Size of Economic Loss due to Cruising Behaviors for Parking

4.1 Estimating Cruising Time for Parking by Car-Use Shoppers at the Tenjin District

Average Cruising Time for Parking by Access Directions by Parking Blocks

Total Cruising Time for Parking Spent by Car-Use Shoppers at the Tenjin District

4.2 Calculating the Size of Economic Loss by Cruising Time for Parking

4.3 Economic Effects by Shortening Cruising Time for Parking

5 City Center Parking Policies: A Business Model

5.1 A Business Model for City Center Parking Policies Focusing on the Staying Time

5.2 A Model to Determine the Staying Time of Car-Use Shoppers at the Tenjin District

5.3 Estimated Results of Parameters

5.4 How the Staying Time of Car-Use Shoppers Is Increased by Reducing Parking Fees and Relocating Parking Lots to Optimal Loca...

Cases to Forecast the Staying Time

Case When the Parking Lots Are Relocated to Optimal Locations

Case When Parking Fees Are Made Halved

5.5 A Business Model for Implementing the City Center Parking Policy to Halve Parking Fees Under Optimal Parking Lot Locations

The Amount of Compensation for Halving Parking Fees

Increase of Retail Sales at the Tenjin District

Profits for the Enterprise Implementing the City Center Parking Policy

The Net Increase of the Retail Sales at the Tenjin District: Economic Effect of City Center Parking Policy on the Tenjin Distr...

6 Further Elaboration of a Business Model for Implementing the City Center Parking Policy

6.1 Further Elaboration of the Previous City Center Parking Policy

6.2 A Model to Forecast the Shift to the Fringe Parking Lots

6.3 Results of Parameters Estimated

6.4 Forecasted Results of the Numbers of Fringe Parking Users Under Several Settings of Parking Fees

6.5 Refinement of the Business Model for Implementing the City Center Parking Policy

Cases Examined

Case 1

Profit for the Enterprise

Net Increase of Retail Sales at the Tenjin District

Case 2

Profit for the Enterprise

Net Increase of Retail Sales at the Tenjin District

7 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Part VII: Information and Consumer Kaiyu Behaviors

Chapter 20: Exploring Information Processing Behaviors of Consumers in the Middle of Their Kaiyu with Smartphone

1 Purpose of This Study

2 Overview of the Social Experiment

2.1 Outline of the Social Experiment

IMES (Indoor MEssaging System)

Participants in the Social Experiment

Smartphone App

2.2 Data Obtained by the Social Experiment

2.3 How to Measure Consumer Information Processing Behaviors?

3 Analysis of Shake, Tap, and Kaiyu Visualization

3.1 Kaiyu Visualization

3.2 Feature of Shake for Searching

3.3 Feature of Tap for Focusing on the Detail Information

3.4 Feature of Visit

3.5 Feature of Transition Rates

4 What Kind of Information Provision Stimulates Tap by Consumers

4.1 A Logit Model to Investigate What Information Factors Affect ``Tap´´ by Consumers

4.2 Estimated Results

5 What Kind of Information Provision Most Effectively Induces Kaiyu?

5.1 Visit Ratios of Tapped Shops

5.2 How the Forms of Information Contents Affect Shop Visits?

With or Without Banners and Visit Ratios

With or Without Headlines and Visit Ratios

With or Without Explanatory Notes and Visit Ratios

With or Without Supplements and Visit Ratios

6 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Part VIII: Urban Policy and Consumer Welfare

Chapter 21: Travel Demand Function of Korean Tourists to Kyushu Region, Japan

1 Purpose of This Study

1.1 Background

1.2 Purpose

2 Travel Demand Function: A Composite Transport Goods Approach

2.1 How to Construct an Estimable Model of Travel Demand from Available Data

2.2 A Hierarchical Nested Utility Function

3 Estimating Travel Demand Function Without Income Data

3.1 Data Used

3.2 Estimation Method

3.3 Estimated Results

4 The Estimated Model Can Accurately Predict Drastic Increases and Drops of Korean Tourists?

4.1 Forecasting Method

Predicting the Annual Number of Visits to Fukuoka for Individuals

Predicting the Aggregate Number of Korean Visitors to Fukuoka

4.2 Can We Predict the Drastic Increases and Drops of Korean Tourists to Fukuoka from 2005 to 2009?

4.3 Some Property of Our Model

5 Conclusion and Further Research

References

Chapter 22: Direct Approach to Estimating Welfare Changes Brought by a New Subway Line

1 Purpose of This Study

1.1 Background

1.2 Purpose

2 A Hierarchical Nested CES (Constant Elasticity Substitution) Utility Function: Its Formulation and Estimation

2.1 Model

2.2 Generalized Travel Cost

2.3 Estimation Method

Estimating Parameters phi, ?

Estimating Parameters ?, ?

Estimating Parameters ?,?

Estimating Parameters a,b

2.4 Data Used for Estimation

Ecole Card Usage Survey

Supplementary Data

Sample Analyzed

2.5 Estimated Results of Parameters

Estimated Result of phi, ?

Estimated Result of ?

Estimated Result of Elasticity of Substitution ?

Estimated Result of Parameters ?, ?

Estimated Result of

2.6 The City Center Visit Demand Function After the Opening

From Eq. (22.14), we have

3 Model Verification

4 Overview of Fukuoka City Subway Nanakuma Line

4.1 The City Subway Nanakuma Line

4.2 Definition of the Area Along the Subway Line

5 Welfare Changes Brought to Residents Along Subway Line

5.1 Method to Forecast the Changes

5.2 Data Used for Forecast

5.3 Forecast Results

6 Conclusion and Future Challenges

References

Index