Handbook of Software Engineering

Preface

Acknowledgment

Contents

Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Contributors

Process and Workflow

1 Background, Goals, and Motivation

1.1 Goals and Benefits of Process

1.1.1 Communication

1.1.2 Coordination

1.1.3 Training

1.1.4 Understanding

1.1.5 Improvement

1.1.6 Guidance and Control

2 History and Seminal Work

3 Some Definitions, Unifying Assumptions, and Characterizations

3.1 Processes and Workflows

3.2 Process Performances

3.3 Process Specifications

3.4 Activities

3.5 Process Artifacts

3.6 Process Agents

4 Conceptual Framework

4.1 Process Specification Approaches

4.1.1 Process Specification Evaluation Criteria

4.1.2 Example Process Specification Approaches

4.2 Process Acquisition

4.3 Process Analysis Facilities and Results

4.3.1 Dynamic Analysis of Process Specifications

4.3.2 Static Analysis of Process Specifications

4.4 Process Evolution

5 Specific Processes, Frameworks, and Architectures

5.1 The Rational Unified Process

5.2 The Spiral Model/Incremental Commitment Model

5.3 Agile Methods

5.4 Extreme Programming

5.5 Scrum Development

5.6 Adaptive Case Management

5.7 Summary and Analysis

5.7.1 Communication

5.7.2 Coordination

5.7.3 Training

5.7.4 Understanding

5.7.5 Improvement

5.7.6 Guidance and Control

6 Future Directions

6.1 Current Unmet Challenges

6.1.1 Specification Language Issues

6.2 Learning and Improvement Through Analysis

6.2.1 Learning from Big Data

6.2.2 Learning from Analysis

6.3 Progress Toward Standardized (Yet Flexible) Processes

6.4 Human/Computer Collaboration and Human Guidance Direction

6.5 Application to New Domains

6.6 Merging Process and Workflow Communities and Technologies

7 Conclusions

References

Requirements Engineering

1 Introduction

2 Concepts and Principles

2.1 Fundamentals: The World and the Machine

2.2 Qualities

2.3 Processes

3 Organised Tour: Genealogy and Seminal Works

3.1 Elicitation

3.1.1 Data Gathering

3.1.2 Collaborative

3.1.3 Cognitive

3.1.4 Contextual

3.1.5 Creativity

3.1.6 Choosing and Combining Elicitation Techniques

3.2 Modelling and Analysis

3.2.1 Natural Language

3.2.2 Structural Modelling

3.2.3 Behavioural Modelling

3.2.4 Goal Modelling

3.2.5 Choosing and Combining Modelling Techniques

3.3 Assurance

3.3.1 Validation

3.3.2 Verification

3.4 Management and Evolution

3.4.1 Negotiation and Prioritisation

3.4.2 Agile Methods

3.4.3 Reuse

3.4.4 Adaptation

3.4.5 Traceability

3.5 RE for Cross-Cutting Properties

4 Future Challenges

4.1 Sustainability and Global Societal Challenges

4.2 Artificial Intelligence

4.3 Exemplars and Artefacts

5 Conclusion

References

Software Architecture and Design

1 Introduction

2 An Organized Tour: Genealogy and Seminal Papers

2.1 Domain-Independent Design

2.1.1 Early Design Approaches and Module Interconnection Languages

2.1.2 Initial Articulations of “Software Architecture”

2.1.3 Styles and Patterns

2.1.4 Architecture Description Languages (ADLs)

2.1.5 Analysis: Early Value from Representations

2.1.6 Connectors: The Distinctive Characteristic of Software Architecture Descriptions

2.1.7 Adaptation

2.2 Domain-Informed Design

2.2.1 Focus on a Single Domain

2.2.2 Design by Simulation: Object Oriented Design

2.2.3 Domain-Specific Software Engineering and Product Families

2.2.4 Ecosystems

3 Concepts and Principles: Summarizing the Key Points

3.1 Software Architecture: A Mature Definition

3.1.1 Illustrations

3.2 Key Definitions

3.3 Key Principles and Practices

3.3.1 Designing Architectures

3.3.2 Maintaining Conceptual Integrity

3.3.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis

4 Future Directions

4.1 Modeling

4.2 Knowledge Capture

4.3 Evolution

4.4 Ecosystems

5 Conclusions

References

Software Testing

1 Introduction

2 Concepts and Principles

3 Organized Tour: Genealogy and Seminal Works

3.1 Analyzing Tests

3.1.1 Structural Testing

3.1.2 Logical Coverage Criteria

3.1.3 Dataflow Testing

3.1.4 Mutation Testing

3.1.5 Coverage Criteria for Concurrent Programs

3.1.6 Coverage Criteria for Graphical User Interfaces

3.2 Generating Tests

3.2.1 Random Testing

3.3 Fuzz Testing

3.3.1 Black Box Techniques

3.3.2 White Box Techniques

3.3.3 Concurrency Testing Techniques

3.4 Executing Tests

3.4.1 Automated Test Execution

3.4.2 Test Suite Minimization

3.4.3 Regression Test Selection

3.4.4 Test Case Prioritization

3.4.5 Testing Embedded Software

3.5 Current Trends in Testing Research

3.5.1 Model-Based Testing

3.5.2 Automated Test Generation

3.5.3 Test Analysis

3.6 Current Trends in Software Testing Practice

3.6.1 Developers Are Testers

3.6.2 Test Automation

3.6.3 Trending Application Domains

4 Future Challenges

4.1 Test Analysis

4.2 Automated Testing

4.3 Test Oracles

4.4 Flaky Tests

4.5 Legacy Tests

4.6 Nonfunctional Testing

4.7 Testing Domain-Specific Software

4.8 The Academia-Industry Gap

5 Conclusions

References

Formal Methods

1 Introduction

2 Historical Perspective

3 Grand Tour of Formal Methods

3.1 Modeling: Concepts and Principles

3.2 Formal Specification

3.2.1 Linear Temporal Logic

3.2.2 Using Finite Automata on Infinite Words as a Specification Formalism

3.2.3 Branching Modeling and Specification

3.2.4 Process Algebra

3.3 Model Checking

3.3.1 Symbolic Model Checking

3.3.2 Partial Order Reduction

3.3.3 Abstraction

3.3.4 Bounded Model Checking

3.4 Formal Verification

3.5 Runtime Verification

4 Future Challenges

References

Software Evolution

1 Introduction

2 Concepts and Principles

2.1 Corrective Change

2.2 Adaptive Change

2.3 Perfective Change

2.4 Preventive Change

3 An Organized Tour of Seminal Papers: Applying Changes

3.1 Corrective Change

3.1.1 Empirical Studies of Bug Fixes

3.1.2 Rule-Based Bug Detection and Fixing Approaches

3.1.3 Automated Repair

3.2 Adaptive Change

3.2.1 Cross-System Porting

3.2.2 Cross-Language Migration

3.2.3 Library Upgrade and API Evolution

3.3 Perfective Change

3.3.1 Techniques for Locating Crosscutting Concerns

3.3.2 Language Support for Crosscutting Concerns

3.4 Preventive Change

3.4.1 Definition of Refactoring Operations

3.4.2 Empirical Studies of Refactoring

3.4.3 Automated Refactoring

3.4.4 Real-World Refactoring Practices

3.4.5 Quantitative Assessment of Refactoring Impact

3.4.6 Code Smells Detection

3.5 Automatic Change Application

3.5.1 Source Transformation and Languages and Tools

3.5.2 Programming by Demonstration

4 An Organized Tour of Seminal Papers: Inspecting Changes

4.1 Software Inspection and Modern Code Review Practices

4.1.1 Commercial Code Review Tools

4.1.2 Change Decomposition

4.1.3 Refactoring Aware Code Review

4.1.4 Change Conflicts, Interference, and Relevance

4.1.5 Detecting and Preventing Inconsistent Changes to Clones

4.2 Program Differencing

4.2.1 String and Lexical Matching

4.2.2 Syntax Tree Matching

4.2.3 Control Flow Graph Matching

4.2.4 Program Dependence Graph Matching

4.2.5 Related Topics: Model Differencing and Clone Detection

4.3 Recording Changes: Edit Capture and Replay

5 An Organized Tour of Seminal Papers: Change Validation

5.1 Change Impact Analysis

5.2 Debugging Changes

5.3 Refactoring Validation

6 Future Directions and Open Problems

6.1 Change Comprehension

6.2 Change Suggestion

6.3 Change Validation

Appendix

Key References

References

Empirical Software Engineering

1 Introduction

2 Concepts and Principles

2.1 Justification

2.2 General Concepts

2.3 Empirical Research Methods

2.4 Empirical Research Methods: Supporting Concepts

2.5 Empirical Research Techniques

3 Genealogy and Seminal Papers

3.1 Landmark Articles

3.1.1 Timeline

3.1.2 Methods

3.2 Landmark Books

3.3 Landmark Venues

3.4 Other Landmarks

4 Challenges

4.1 Size of the Studies

4.2 Recruiting Students

4.3 Recruiting Professional Developers

4.4 Theories in ESE

4.5 Publication of Negative Results

4.5.1 Antinomy Between Doing Research and Empirical Studies

4.5.2 Seemingly Uselessness of Empirical Studies

4.5.3 What Is and What Should Be

4.6 Data Sharing

4.7 Comparisons of Software Artefacts

5 Future Directions

5.1 Idioms for Empirical Studies

Pattern Name ``Tool Comparison''

5.2 Patterns for Empirical Studies

Pattern Name ``Prima Facie Evidence''

Pattern Name ``Idea Inspired by Experience''

5.3 Styles of Empirical Studies

Pattern Name ``Mixed-Method Style''

6 Conclusion

References

Software Reuse and Product Line Engineering

1 Introduction

2 Concepts and Principles

2.1 Software Reuse Benefits

2.2 The Obstacles

2.3 The Basic Features

3 Organized Tour: Genealogy and Seminal Papers

3.1 The Roots

3.2 Libraries and Repository Systems

3.3 Generative Reuse

3.4 Metrics and Economic Models

3.5 Reuse Models

3.6 Software Reuse Methods and Processes

3.7 Software Reuse: The Past Future

4 Software Product Lines (SPL): An Effective Reuse Approach

4.1 Software Product Line Essential Activities

4.2 Commonalities and Variabilities in SPL

4.3 Future Directions in SPL and Software Reuse

5 Conclusion

References

Key Software Engineering Paradigms and Modeling Methods

1 Introduction

2 Organized Tour: Genealogy and Seminal Works

2.1 A Brief History of Software Engineering

2.2 Paradigms

2.2.1 Structure Paradigm

2.2.2 Object Orientation Paradigm

2.3 Product vs Process

2.4 Modeling Methods

2.4.1 Model-Driven Engineering

2.4.2 Graph Representation of Models

2.4.3 Classification of Graph-Structured Models

2.4.4 Relation with Other Models

3 Future Challenges

3.1 Endogenous or Exogenous

3.2 Technological Singularity and the Fourth Paradigm

3.3 The Next Software Engineering Paradigm

4 Conclusions

References

Coordination Technologies

1 Introduction

2 Organized Tour of Coordination Technologies

3 The Coordination Pyramid

3.1 Layer 1: Basic Functional Support

3.2 Layer 2: Structured Processes

3.3 Layer 3: Information Discovery

3.4 Layer 4: Contextualized Information Provision

3.5 Layer 5: Seamless

4 Conclusion and Future Work

Key References

References

Software Engineering of Self-adaptive Systems

1 Introduction

2 Concepts and Principles

2.1 Basic Principles of Self-adaptation

2.2 Conceptual Model of a Self-adaptive System

3 An Organised Tour in Six Waves

3.1 Wave I: Automating Tasks

3.2 Wave II: Architecture-Based Adaptation

3.3 Wave III: Models at Runtime

3.4 Wave IV: Goal-Driven Adaptation

3.5 Wave V: Guarantees Under Uncertainties

3.6 Wave VI: Control-Based Approaches

4 Future Challenges

4.1 Analysis of the Maturity of the Field

4.2 Challenges

4.2.1 Challenges Within the Current Waves

4.2.2 Challenges Beyond the Current Waves

5 Conclusions

References

Security and Software Engineering

1 Introduction

2 Concepts and Principles

3 Organized Tour: Genealogy and Seminal Works

3.1 Illustrative Example for Program Analysis

3.2 Static Analysis

3.2.1 Foundations of Static Analysis

3.2.2 Static Analysis in Practice

3.3 Dynamic Analysis

3.3.1 Dynamic Taint Analysis

3.3.2 Dynamic Symbolic Execution

3.3.3 Automatic Exploit Generation

3.3.4 Fuzzing

3.4 Formal Methods

3.4.1 Model Checking

3.4.2 Theorem Proving

3.4.3 Bounded Verification

3.5 Adaptive Mechanisms

3.5.1 Illustrative Example

3.5.2 Self-protecting Software Reference Architecture

3.5.3 Architecture-Based Self-protection

3.5.4 Protective Wrapper Pattern

3.5.5 Software Rejuvenation Pattern

4 Future Challenges

4.1 Static Analysis

4.2 Dynamic Analysis

4.3 Formal Methods

4.4 Adaptive Mechanisms

5 Conclusions

References

Software Engineering in the Cloud

1 Introduction

1.1 Example

2 Key Concepts

2.1 Virtualization

2.1.1 Virtual Computing

2.1.2 Virtual Storage

2.1.3 Virtual Networking

2.1.4 Example

2.2 The Three-Layer “as-a-Service” Model of Cloud Computing

2.2.1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

2.2.2 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

2.2.3 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

3 The Software Economics of Clouds

3.1 Private Clouds

4 Software Development and Deployment in the Cloud

4.1 Example

5 Seminal Papers and Genealogy

5.1 Foundations of Cloud Computing

5.2 Precursors to Cloud Computing

5.3 Cloud Computing

5.4 Related Concepts

6 Conclusions

6.1 Key Challenges

6.2 Future Directions

References

Index