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Principles and Applications of Up-converting Phosphor Technology
Ruifu Yang
Verlag Springer-Verlag, 2019
ISBN 9789813292796 , 242 Seiten
Format PDF, OL
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Contents
5
1 Upconversion Luminescent Materials: Properties and Luminescence Mechanisms
7
1.1 Introduction to the Upconversion Luminescence
8
1.1.1 Upconversion Luminescence
8
1.1.2 The Main Processes in Upconversion Luminescence
10
1.1.3 Upconversion Materials
11
1.2 The Processes Governing the Upconversion Luminescence
15
1.2.1 The Energy Level Structure and the Radiative Transition of Rare Earth Ions (Huang 2002; Yen and Selzer 1981)
15
1.2.2 The Radiative Transition of RE Ions
17
1.2.3 The Upconversion Luminescence Based on Excited State Absorption Process
20
1.2.4 The Upconversion Luminescence Based on Photon Avalanche
22
1.2.5 The Upconversion Luminescence Based on Energy Transfer
24
1.2.6 The Differences Among the Upconversion Luminescence Processes
28
1.3 Managing the Upconversion Luminescence Color and Efficiency of Rare Earth Ions
31
1.3.1 Managing the Upconversion Luminescence Color of Rare Earth Ions
31
1.3.2 Optimization in Luminescence Efficiency and Brightness of the UCPs
35
References
36
2 Synthesis and Preparation of Upconverting Phosphor Particles
39
2.1 Introduction
39
2.2 The Components of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Materials
41
2.2.1 The Host
41
2.2.2 The Activator
43
2.2.3 The Sensitizer
45
2.3 Major Types of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Nanomaterials
46
2.3.1 Rare Earth Fluorides
49
2.3.2 Rare Earth Oxide Series
50
2.3.3 Rare Earth Fluoride Oxide Series
51
2.3.4 Rare Earth Halide Series
51
2.3.5 Rare Earth Sulfide Series
51
2.4 Synthesis of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Nanomaterials
52
2.4.1 The Precipitation Method
53
2.4.2 The Water/Solvothermal Method
54
2.4.3 Thermal Decomposition Method
56
2.4.4 The Sol-Gel Method
57
2.4.5 Other Methods
58
2.5 Surface Properties and Cytotoxicity of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Nanoparticles
59
2.5.1 Surface Groups and Surface Coatings
60
2.5.2 Cytotoxicity
62
2.6 The Main Challenges of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescence Materials
63
2.6.1 Host Stability
63
2.6.2 Efficiency
63
2.6.3 Pump
64
2.6.4 Narrow Range of Luminescence
64
References
64
3 Modification and Functionalization of Up-Converting Phosphor Particles
69
3.1 Introduction
69
3.2 Siliconization of UCP Surface
70
3.3 Functionalization of the SiO2 Layer on UCP Surface
70
3.4 Conjugation of Bioactive Molecules to the UCP Surface
70
3.4.1 Cross-links Between Amino and Carboxyl
71
3.4.2 Crosslinks between amino groups
72
3.5 Development of UPT-based Immunochromatographic Platform
73
References
73
4 Upconversion Nanoparticles-Based Point-of-Care Testing Technology
75
4.1 Introduction
75
4.2 UPT-POCT Principles
76
4.2.1 UPT-POCT Elements
76
4.2.2 UPT-POCT Quantitative Analysis
77
4.3 UPT-POCT Assay Formats
79
4.3.1 UPT-POCT Assay in Sandwich Format
79
4.3.2 UPT-POCT Assay in Competitive Format
79
4.3.3 UPT-POCT Assay in Hybridization Format
81
4.4 UPT-POCT Assay for Multiplexing Detection
82
4.4.1 UPT-POCT Multiplexing in One Strip
82
4.4.2 UPT-POCT Multiplexing in a Multiple-Channel Disc
83
4.5 Future Outlook
83
References
84
5 Up-Converting Phosphor Technology-Based Biosensors
86
5.1 Basic Concepts of UPT Biosensor
87
5.1.1 Sensor
87
5.1.2 Biosensor
87
5.1.3 Immunosensor
88
5.1.4 Immunochromatographic Biosensor
89
5.1.5 Optical Biosensor
91
5.1.6 UPT Biosensor
92
5.2 Working Principle of UPT Immunoassay Analyzer
93
5.2.1 Quantitative Detection Principle of UPT LF Strip
94
5.2.2 Working Principle of Analyzer
95
5.2.3 Composition of Analyzer
98
5.3 Key Unit Techniques of UPT Immunoassay Analyzer
98
5.3.1 Photoelectric Measurement System
98
5.3.2 Control System
102
5.3.3 Algorithm Module
102
5.3.4 Mechanical Structure
103
5.3.5 Instrument Calibration
103
5.4 Development of UPT Immunoassay Analyzer
105
5.4.1 Development of Single-Channel UPT Immunoassay Analyzer
106
5.4.2 Development of Multichannel UPT Immunoassay Analyzer
127
5.4.3 Development of Imaging Detection System for LF Strip
129
5.5 Conclusions
136
Bibliography
137
6 Industrialization of Up-Converting Phosphor Diagnostic Products
139
6.1 Market Demand for Point-of-Care Testing Dictates the Industrialization of UPT Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Reagents
140
6.1.1 Status of Point-of-Care Testing
140
6.1.2 Market Demand for POCT
141
6.2 The Key Steps in UPT Technology Industrialization
142
6.2.1 Step One: The Combination of UPT Technology and Immunochromatography
142
6.2.2 Step Two: The Efficient Binding of UCNPs and Biomolecules
142
6.2.3 Step Three: The Uniformity of Coated PVC Sheets
143
6.2.4 Step Four: The Scale-Up of UCNPs Particle Preparation
143
6.2.5 Step Five: Large-Scale Production of UPT Biosensors
143
6.3 Social and Economic Benefits of Industrialization of UPT Diagnostic Production
143
6.3.1 Products that Have Obtained the Medical Device Registration Certificate and CE Certification from the China Food and Drug Administration
143
6.3.2 Social Benefits of UPT Diagnostic Products
144
References
145
7 Application of UPT-POCT in Emergency Medicine
146
7.1 Emergency Medicine
146
7.2 Emergency Diagnosis
147
7.2.1 Emergency Diagnosis of Circulatory System Diseases
147
7.2.2 Emergency Diagnosis of Blood Embolism Diseases
148
7.2.3 Emergency Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
148
7.3 UPT-POCT Advantages in Emergency Diagnosis
148
7.4 Application of UPT-POCT in Emergency Medicine
149
7.5 Summary
150
References
150
8 Application of UPT-POCT in Internal Medicine
152
8.1 Internal Medicine
152
8.2 The Application of UPT-POCT in Liver Diseases
153
8.3 The Application of UPT-POCT in Circulatory System Diseases
154
8.4 The Application of UPT-POCT in Endocrine System Diseases
154
References
155
9 Application of UPT-POCT in Combat-Related Traumatic Infection
156
9.1 Introduction
156
9.2 The Diagnostics of Combat-Related Traumatic Infection
157
9.3 The Application of UPT-POCT in Combat-Related Traumatic Infection
157
9.3.1 Portable UPT-POCT Biosensor
157
9.3.2 UPT-POCT Diagnostic Kits for Combat-Related Traumatic Infection and Sepsis
158
References
159
10 Application of UPT-POCT in Medical Relief for Disasters
161
10.1 The Characteristic of Medical Relief for Disasters
161
10.1.1 The Present Situation of Medical Relief for Disasters in the World
161
10.1.2 The Characteristic of Detection for Medical Relief for Disasters
162
10.2 The Requirement of Detection for Medical Relief for Disasters
163
10.2.1 The Diseases and Corresponding Detection Items in Earthquake Disasters
163
10.2.2 The Diseases and Corresponding Detection Items in Flood Disasters
164
10.2.3 The Diseases and Corresponding Detection Items in Conflagration and Explosion Disasters
164
10.3 UPT-POCT Detection Method for Medical Relief for Disasters
165
10.4 Applications of UPT-POCT for Medical Relief for Disasters
165
References
167
11 Application of UPT-POCT in Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
168
11.1 Character for Detection for Foodborne Pathogens
168
11.1.1 The Main Foodborne Pathogens
169
11.1.2 The Characteristics of Detection for Foodborne Pathogens
170
11.2 Requirement for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
171
11.3 UPT-POCT Detection for Foodborne Pathogens
172
11.3.1 The Performance of UPT-POCT for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
173
11.3.2 The Advantage of UPT-POCT for Detection of Foodborne Pathogen
173
11.4 Application
174
11.4.1 The Current Detection Method for Food Pathogen
174
11.4.2 Applications of UPT-POCT in Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
175
References
177
12 Application of UPT-POCT in Detection of Food Safety Related Mycotoxins
179
12.1 Mycotoxins and Their Hazards
180
12.1.1 Aflatoxin
180
12.1.2 Zearalenone
180
12.1.3 Deoxynivalenol
181
12.1.4 Ochratoxin A
181
12.2 Current Status of Mycotoxin Detection Technology
181
12.3 Application of UPT-POCT in Mycotoxin Detection
182
12.3.1 Principles of UPT-POCT Kits
183
12.3.2 Applicable Sample Types
183
12.3.3 Detection Procedure
184
12.3.4 Application and Evaluation
184
12.4 Conclusion
185
References
185
13 Application of UPT-POCT in Public Health Emergencies
187
13.1 Introduction
187
13.2 Diagnostic Methods for Public Health Emergencies
188
13.3 The Application of UPT-POCT in Public Health Emergencies
189
References
189
14 Application of UPT-POCT in Import and Export Quarantine
191
14.1 Detection in Port Quarantine
192
14.2 Demand for Development in the Field of Port Inspection and Quarantine
193
14.2.1 Three Functions of Port Inspection and Quarantine
193
14.2.2 Port Inspection and Quarantine Demand for Detection Technology
193
14.3 Up-Converting Phosphor Technology
194
14.3.1 UPT Test Kits Developed for Port Inspection and Quarantine
194
14.3.2 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Plague
194
14.3.3 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Zika
195
14.3.4 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Influenza
195
14.3.5 UPT Test Kit for Diagnosis of Ebola
196
14.4 Application
196
14.4.1 Current Detection Methods
196
14.4.2 The Application of UPT at Ports
198
References
198
15 Application of UPT-POCT in Detection of Drugs
200
15.1 Characteristic of Drug Detection
201
15.1.1 Denomination of Drug
201
15.1.2 The Detection Character of Drugs
202
15.2 Requirement for Drug Detection
203
15.3 UPT-POCT for Drug Detection
203
15.3.1 Principle of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection
203
15.3.2 Technology Advance of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection
204
15.3.3 Extensive Application of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection
205
15.4 Application of UPT-POCT
205
15.4.1 Current Detection Methods for Drug Detection
205
15.4.2 Application of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection
207
15.4.3 Application Prospect of UPT-POCT for Drug Detection
209
References
209
16 Application of UPT-POCT in Anti-bioterrorism and Biosecurity
210
16.1 Introduction
210
16.2 Overview of Bioterrorism Agents
211
16.2.1 Categories of Bioterrorism Agents
211
16.2.2 Common Transmission Routes of Bioterrorism Agents
212
16.2.3 Perniciousness and Diagnosis of Bioterrorism Agents
212
16.2.4 The Therapy and Prevention of Bioterrorism Agents
213
16.3 Characteristics of Detection in Bioterrorism and Biosecurity
214
16.3.1 Operational Safety
215
16.3.2 Detection Accuracy and Detection Time
215
16.3.3 Multiplexed Detection
216
16.4 Requirements for Detection of Bioterrorism-Associated Agents
216
16.4.1 Field of Application
216
16.4.2 Point of Care Testing
217
16.5 UPT-POCT Assay Applied for Detection of Bioterrorism Agent
217
16.5.1 Detection Mode
217
16.5.2 Performance Evaluation
219
16.5.3 Field Evaluation
223
16.6 Application
223
16.6.1 Current Detection Methods
223
16.6.2 The Merit of UPT-POCT and Its Application
229
References
231
17 Application of UCNPs in Bio-imaging and Treatment
233
17.1 Application of UCNPs in Bio-imaging
234
17.1.1 Deep Tissue Imaging
234
17.1.2 Targeted Imaging of Tumor Cells
234
17.1.3 Multi-modality Imaging with UCNPs
235
17.2 Application of UCNPs in Disease Treatment
236
17.2.1 Nanoscale Carriers for Drugs and Genes
236
17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy
237
17.2.3 Photothermal Therapy
238
17.3 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of UCNPs
239
17.4 Conclusion
240
References
240
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