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Cryptofinance and Mechanisms of Exchange - The Making of Virtual Currency
Stéphane Goutte, Khaled Guesmi, Samir Saadi
Verlag Springer-Verlag, 2020
ISBN 9783030307387 , 202 Seiten
Format PDF, OL
Kopierschutz Wasserzeichen
Preface
6
Contents
8
About the Editors
9
Cryptocurrencies as an Asset Class
11
1 Introduction
11
2 The Technology Behind Cryptocurrency
13
3 The Rise of Cryptocurrency
15
4 Potential Assets: Cryptographic Coins and Tokens
16
5 Cryptocurrencies as Investments
17
5.1 Investability
17
5.2 Impact on Portfolio Performance
19
6 Dataset and Methodology
20
6.1 Data
20
6.2 Methodology
22
6.2.1 Correlation
22
6.2.2 Liquidity
23
6.2.3 Stability
23
6.2.4 Portfolio Optimizations
24
7 Results
25
7.1 Correlation
25
7.2 Liquidity
28
7.3 Stability
30
7.4 Portfolio Optimization
31
8 Conclusion
35
References
36
Are Virtual Currencies Virtuous? Ethical and Environmental Issues
39
1 Introduction
39
2 Cryptocurrencies and Energy Consumption: Virtual Currency but Real Environmental Impact
42
2.1 Why This Is a Serious Issue?
42
2.1.1 Bitcoin and Other Main Crypto Currencies: An Overview
42
2.1.2 Systems Dynamics: Applied to the Bitcoin Case
44
2.2 What Are the Solutions?
46
2.2.1 Green Energy
46
2.2.2 Mining Equipment Energy Efficiency
46
2.2.3 System Parameters
46
2.2.4 Mining Competition
47
2.3 A Striking Example of Real Issues Related to Virtual Systems
48
3 Cryptocurrencies and the Dark Net: The Dark Side of Cryptocurrencies
48
3.1 Financing Illegal Activities
49
3.1.1 Financing of Illicit Products
49
3.1.2 Terrorist Financing
50
3.2 Cyber Attacks
51
3.3 Money Laundering and Tax Evasion
52
4 Ethical Aspects and Uses of Cryptocurrencies
53
4.1 Business Ethics Beyond Government Control
53
4.2 Reduction in Inflation and Central Bank Adjustments
54
4.3 Poverty Reduction
54
4.4 Protection of Privacy and Personal Data
55
5 Conclusion: Regulatory Issues and Challenges
56
References
58
Cryptocurrency Mining
61
1 Introduction
61
2 How Does Mining Work?
62
2.1 Methods of Mining
63
2.2 Hardware for Mining
66
2.3 Software for Mining
68
3 Evolution of Mining
69
4 Factors Influencing Mining
70
4.1 Energy Consumption and the Wastage of Resources
71
4.2 Volatility
74
4.3 Mining Puzzles/Solving Blocks
75
References
76
Regulating Bitcoin: A Tax Case Study
78
1 Introduction
78
2 The Coffee Bonding Theory
79
3 A Tax Case Study
80
3.1 Involuntary Noncompliance
81
3.2 Voluntary Noncompliance
82
4 Conclusion
83
References
83
Are Cryptocurrencies Truly Trustless?
85
1 Introduction
85
2 The Promise de Trustlessness
87
3 Hard Forks
88
4 Cryptocurrency Exchanges
89
4.1 Mt. Gox
89
4.2 Quadriga CX
90
5 Initial Coin Offerings
92
6 Recourse of Traditional Structures
93
6.1 SEC and CFTC as Regulators
93
6.2 Quadriga CX in Court
94
7 Conclusion
95
References
96
Blockchain and Alternative Sources of Financing
98
1 Introduction
98
2 The Ethereum Blockchain and the Ether Crypto-currency
99
2.1 CryptoKitties
99
2.2 Brave Browser
100
2.3 uPort
100
3 A New Age of Financing, Birth of the ICOs
101
3.1 What is an ICO?
101
3.2 Cryptoexchanges
104
3.3 Similarities Between ICO and Traditional Stock Market
105
3.4 The Pump and Dump Online Community
106
3.4.1 Consequences of Pumps and Dumps
107
4 A New Age of Financing, Birth of the STOs
108
4.1 Coin Classification Framework
108
4.2 The Dawn of the STOs
110
4.3 Avoiding the Mistakes of the Past
110
4.4 Steps for Launching an STO
112
4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of STOs vs. ICOs
113
5 IEO, Innovating in an Emerging Industry
115
5.1 The IEO Process
115
6 Conclusion
116
References
117
Tokenomics
119
1 Introduction
119
2 Initial Coin Offerings
120
3 History of ICOs
120
4 Literature Review of Parameter of Tokenomics
121
5 Research of Parameter of Tokenomics
125
6 Conclusion
127
References
128
Crypto Tokens and Token Offerings: An Introduction
130
1 Introduction
130
2 Tokens and Token Offerings
131
2.1 What Are Crypto Tokens?
131
2.2 A Comparison of Token Offerings and IPOs
132
3 The Emergence of Tokenization and Tokenomics
133
3.1 Tokenomics
133
3.2 The Economic Value of Tokens for Entrepreneurs
134
3.2.1 Benefits of ICOs to Entrepreneurs
134
3.2.2 Drawbacks
136
3.2.3 Implications for Entrepreneurs
136
3.3 The Economic Value of Tokens for Investors
137
3.4 Corporate Governance with Tokens
137
3.4.1 Token Holders as a New Type of Corporate Stakeholders
138
3.4.2 The Emergence of Distributed Governance
138
4 Valuation of Crypto Tokens
139
4.1 Token Velocity Methodology
139
4.2 Crypto J-Curve Methodology
140
4.3 Network Value-to-Transaction Ratio (NVT)
141
4.4 Security Token Valuation
142
4.5 Traditional Valuation Methods in Crypto Valuation
142
5 ICO Underpricing and Token Returns
143
5.1 Underpricing and First-Day Returns
143
5.2 Long-Term Returns and Performance
144
5.3 Behavioral Biases in ICOs
145
6 Conclusion
146
References
146
Initial Coin Offerings: What Do We Know and What Are the Success Factors?
150
1 Introduction
150
2 The Market for ICOs and Cryptocurrencies
151
2.1 ICO Market Overview
151
2.2 Four Stages of ICOs
152
3 Planning Stage of ICOs
152
3.1 White Paper
152
3.1.1 White Paper Quality and Informativeness
153
3.1.2 Legal Aspects of the White Paper
153
3.1.3 Technical Aspects of the White Paper
154
3.1.4 Disclosure on the Use of Proceeds and Token Allocation
154
3.1.5 Management Team and Advisers
154
3.2 Token Design and Tokenomics
155
3.2.1 Token Type
155
3.2.2 Fraction of Tokens for Sale
156
3.2.3 Soft Cap and Hard Cap
156
3.2.4 Token Supply
157
3.2.5 Lock-up Mechanism
158
3.2.6 Currency Accepted
158
3.3 Legal Aspects
158
3.3.1 Sales Restrictions
158
3.3.2 Know Your Customer (KYC) Policies
159
3.4 Technology and Source Code
160
3.5 Marketing and Social Media
161
3.5.1 Social Media
161
3.5.2 ICO Ratings and Online Forums
162
4 ICO Sale
163
4.1 ICO Presale
163
4.2 ICO Sale
164
4.3 Post-ICO
165
4.3.1 Exchange Listing
166
5 Conclusion
166
References
167
Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs): Risks, Regulation, and Accountability
170
1 Introduction
170
2 Academic Interest in ICOs
172
3 The Wild West of ICOs
174
4 Regulatory Responses to ICOs
176
5 Conclusion
179
References
181
Cryptocurrencies and Risk Mitigation
183
1 Introduction
183
2 Cryptocurrency Market Efficiency
184
3 Risk Mitigation Using Cryptocurrencies
185
4 Hedging Cryptocurrency Investments
187
5 Economic Policy and Market Uncertainties
190
6 Cryptocurrencies and Gold
193
References
194
Index
197