Quick Review of cardiovascular system
| Right coronary dominance in most people arises from which artery? | Right Coronary artery |
| Just inferolateral to the pubic tubercle which vein can be accessed? | The Great Saphenous Vein |
| The common cardinal veins give rise to? | Superior Vena Cava |
| What resides in the arterioventricular groove on the posterior aspect of the heart? | Coronary Sinus |
| IV drug users can have right sided endocarditis involving which valve? | Tricuspid valve
(most often due to S.aureus infection) |
| What structure is located posterior to the Left atrium? | Esophagus |
| Left atrium and the left ventricle end diastolic pressures are closely measured by which pressure? | Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
| Defect in which structure causes cyanosis in transposition of great vessels? | Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral |
| Defect in which structure causes patent foramen ovale? | Incomplete fusion of atrial septum primum and secundum |
| Deviation of Infundibular septum results in? | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| Which pharyngeal aortic arch gives rise to the sternocleidomastoid muscle? | 3rd pharyngeal aortic arch |
| Scar tissue in the heart is made up of? | Type 1 collagen |
| What do you see in the light microscope after 12 days of ischemic myocyte? | Granulation tissue with neovascularization |
| Diagnosis of a young adult patient with MI in the setting of normal coronary arteries, but has mitral valve thickening with vegetation? | Libman-Sacks Endocarditis |
| Measuring this will help in diagnosing Carcinoid Syndrome? | Urinary 5-Hydroxyindoleactic acid |
| What is the MCC of Sudden Cardiac Death in a young adult? | Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
| In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, which sarcomere genes are mutated? | Beta Myosin heavy chain and Myosin Binding protein C |
| Where does amyloid in the atria of the heart derived from? | Natuiretic Peptide |
| Friction Rub is the most striking physical finding in what disease? | Acute Pericarditis |
| What indicates irreversible cell injury? | Mitochondrial Vacuolization |
| Atrial Septal Defect is associated with which syndrome? | Down Syndrome |
| What is the MCC of Aortic Stenosis in Developed nations? | Calcific degeneration of tri leaflet aortic valve |
| Plaque stability is reduced from a substance released by the macrophages. What is the substance? | Metalloproteinases |
| Where does an atherosclerotic plaque most likely to occur? | Abdominal Aorta |
| Which arteries are spared in Polyarteritis nodosa? | Pulmonary arteries |
| What is the most likely sign detected when a heart shows a dense thick fibrous tissue in the pericardial space between the visceral and parietal pericardium? | Kussumal Sign |
| An inherited condition where ECG shows prolonged QT interval, due to a defect in this channel? | Membrane K+ channel proteins |
| What is associated with Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome? | Sensorineural deafness |
| What do you see in the Left Ventricular Dysfunction? | Hemosiderin Laden macrophages (heart failure cells) and chronic Increase in hydrostatic pressure |
| What is the most likely associated condition with platelet rich thrombi attached to mitral valve leaflet? | Advanced Malignancy
(Non-Bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma) |
| Pt with severe drug resistant hypertension have unilateral renal artery stenosis which leads to renal atrophy. Why did this occur? | Oxygen (O2) and nutrient deprivation |
| What do strawberry type hemangiomas do? | First increase in size then regress |
| Diagnosis of a pt with recurrent severe nosebleed and with pink spider like lesions on his oral and nasal mucosa, face, and arms? | Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome |
| Diagnosis of a pt with exertional calf pain and painful foot ulcers, hypersensitivity to intradermally injected tobacco extract? | Buerger’s disease |
| What type of vasculitis process is seen in Buerger’s disease? | Segmental Vasculitis extending into contiguous veins and nerves |
| Persistent lymphedema predisposes to this condition? | Lymphangiosarcoma |
| What is the vascular tumor associated with Arsenic and polyvinylchloride and also positive for CD31? | Liver Angiosarcoma |
| What is the substance that is secreted by the vascular endothelium and inhibit platelet aggregation? | Prostacyclin |
| What is the MCC of aortic stenosis in the elderly? | Valvular calcification |
| Diagnosis of a pt with mid systolic click followed by short late systolic murmur at the apex. Murmur disappears with Squatting? | Mitral Valve Prolapse with Mitral Regurgitation |
| Diagnosis of a chest pain that increases with inspiration and partially relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. | Pericardial Inflammation |
| Diagnosis of a pt with trauma has a fall in systolic blood pressure greater than 10 on inspiration, jugular venous distention and tachycardia. | Cardiac Tamponade |
| What is the MCC of death in a lightening strike? | Cardiac Arrhythmia |
| Why does transient myocardial ischemia causes myocardial hypertrophy? | Intracellular Ca2+ accumulation |
| Diagnosis of a pt with left atrial enlargement and pedunculated mass attached to the left atrium? | Atrial Myxoma |
| What does one see in a histology of atrial myxoma? | Scattered cells within a mucopolysaccharide stroma |
| Bicuspid valve can lead to this by 50 years of age? | Aortic Stenosis |
| In isolated diastolic heart failure, what happens to the Left ventricular end diastolic pressure(LVEDP), left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)? | - Increase in LVEDP - Normal LVEDV - Normal LVEF |
| What type of murmur do you see in a patient with VSD? | Holosystolic murmur over the left sternal border |
| What typically occurs 5-14 days after an acute Myocardial Infarction? | Free Wall Rupture |
| A child with Atrial Septal Defect, requires surgical repair to prevent irreversible changes in which vessels? | Pulmonary Vessels |
| What is the best indicator for mitral valve stenosis severity? | A2 to opening snap time interval |
| What happens when the opening snap in the Mitral Stenosis occur shortly after the mitral valve opening? | The Left ventricular pressure decreases below the left atrial pressure |
| Head pounding and bobbing are associated with? | Widening of pulse pressure |
| Why does a pt with aortic stenosis develop pulmonary edema? | Sudden decrease in left ventricular preload due to loss of atrial contraction because of atrial fibrillation |
| What is the compensatory mechanism for congestive heart failure patients? | Increase in arterial resistance |
| What is the best indicator for the severity of the mitral valve regurgitation? | S3 gallop |
| Pulses paradoxus can be seen which disease? | Pericardial disease |
| Diagnosis of a pt with fatigue and dyspnea, early diastolic murmur is heard at the left sternal border? | Aortic Reguritation |
| Platelet derived growth factor is released by? | Locally adherent platelets |
| What promotes the migration of smooth muscle cells (cellular components of plaques)? | Endothelial cells and... |
